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Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 870 - 889, 30.09.2023

Sushil Khanduri Rajendra Dutt Saklani Bishnu Maya Chetry

https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1237378

Abstract

Land subsidence is an abrupt and silent disaster worldwide caused by various factors such as tectonics, nature of rocks and climatic variability etc. It is directly triggered by anthropogenic activities. The Uttarakhand Himalayan province in India has witnessed several earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, droughts, and flash floods/floods in the recent past. Among these incidences landslides frequently occurs in the Himalayan region, particularly during the monsoon season. Seismically, this region falls in seismic zones V and IV due to which area witnesses frequent earthquakes. An attempt was made for preparation of an inventory of land subsidence across the state of Uttarakhand to determine the key factors that are responsible for land subsidence. Previous studies and field evidences suggests that land subsidence events mainly occur due to several factors such as carbonate rocks, topography, tectonics, seismicity, climate, flash floods/floods and reservoir drawdown effect in this region. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities such as mining, underground water, unscientifically civil constructions, inadequate drainage, heavy load on ground/slope, and modification of slope for infrastructure developments aggravates the problem. This study also highlights the problem of ongoing chronic land subsidence in Joshimath town which is situated over an old landslide mass as well as its proximity to Vaikrita Thrust.

Keywords

Central Himalaya Joshimath Key Contributing Factors Land Subsidence Inventory Risk Reduction

References

  • Arık, F. (2018). Sinkholes, Sinkhole Formations in Central Anatolia and Suggestions for Solutions. Maden ve İnsan 3, 46-53 (in Turkish).
  • Auden, J.B. (1949). In Director’s General report for 1939. Record of Geological Survey of India, 78, 74-78.
  • Bhambri, R., Mehta, M., Dobhal, D.P., Gupta, A.K., Pratap, B., Kesarwani, K., & Verma, A. (2016). Devastation in the Kedarnath (Mandakini) Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, during 16-17 June, 2013: a remote sensing and ground-based assessment. Natural Hazards, 80(3), 741-766.
  • Bisht, M.P.S., & Rautela, P. (2010). Disaster looms large over Joshimath. Current Science, 88(10), 1271. Bilham, R., Gaur, V.K., & Molnar, P. (2001). Himalayan seismic hazard. Science, 293, 1442–1444.
  • Bosak, K. (2008). Nature, Conflict and Biodiversity Conservation in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Conservation and Society, 6(3), 211–224.
  • Carminati, E., & Martinelli, G. (2002). Subsidence rates in the Po plain, northern Italy: The relative impact of natural and anthropogenic causation. Engineering Geology, 66, 241-255.
  • Devi, M., Gupta, V., Solanki, A., & Sarkar, K. (2022). Assessment of slope instability using Kinematic analysis and Finite Element Modelling in the Main Central Thrust zone, Bhagirathi Valley, NW Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, 43(1A), 51-60.
  • Devrani, R., & Singh, V. (2014). Evolution of valley-fill terraces in the Alaknanda Valley, NW Himalaya: its implication on river response studies. Geomorphology, 1, 10.
  • DMMC (2007). Ground subsidence in Chain Village of Chamoli district in Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 12.
  • DMMC (2012). Investigations in the Asi Ganga valley on the aftermath of flash flood / landslide incidences in August, 2012. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 45.
  • DMMC (2012a). Investigations in the areas around Okhimath in Rudraprayag district on the aftermath of landslide incidences of September 2012. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 37.
  • DMMC (2018). Report Note on land subsidence of Lower Mall Road in Nainital, Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 9.
  • Dobhal, D.P., Gupta, A.K., Mehta, M., & Khandelwal, D.D. (2013). Kedarnath disaster: facts and plausible causes. Current Science, 105(2), 171–174.
  • Feldl, N., & Bilham, R. (2006). Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau, Nature, 444, 165–170. Galloway, D.L., Erkens, G., Kuniansky, E.L., & Rowland, J.C. (2016). Preface: Land subsidence processes. Hydrogeology Journal, 24, 547–550.
  • Ghosh, A., Sarkar, S., Kanungo, D.P., Jain, S.K., Kumar, D., Kalura, A.S., & Kumar, S. (2009). Slope instability and risk assessment of an unstable slope at Agrakhal, Uttarakhand. Indian Geotechnical Society (IGC) 2009, Guntur, India, 783-785.
  • Goswami, P.K., Pant. C.C., & Pandey, S. (2009). Tectonic controls on the geomorphic evolution of alluvial fans in the Piedmont Zone of Ganga Plain, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 118(3), 245–259.
  • Gupta, V., Dobhal, D.P., & Vaideswaran, S.C. (2013). August 2012 cloudburst and subsequent flash flood in the Asi Ganga, a tributary of the Bhagirathi river, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science, 105(2), 249-253.
  • Gupta, P., Mukherjee, D., Sikdar, P.K., & Kumar, K. (2004). Investigation and control of Narayanbagar landslide, District Chamoli, Uttaranchal, India- A case study. Proceedings: Fifth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering New York, NY, April 13-17, 2004. 1-8.
  • Heim, A., & Gansser, A. (1939). Central Himalaya: geological observations of the Swiss expedition 1936. Memoir Society Helvetica Science Nature, 73, 1–245.
  • Hu, R.L., Wang, S.J., Lee, C.F., & Li, M.L. (2002). Characteristics and trends of land subsidence in Tanggu, Tianjin, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 61, 213-225.
  • IS 1893 (2002). Indian Standard (IS):1893, Part 1, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
  • Jain, A.K., Shreshtha, M., Seth, P., Kanyal, L., Carosi, R., Montomoli, C., Iaccarino, S., & Mukherjee, P.K. (2014). The Higher Himalayan Crystallines, Alaknanda – Dhauli Ganga Valleys, Garhwal Himalaya, India. In (Eds.) Chiara Montomoli, Rodolfo Carosi, Rick Law, Sandeep Singh and Santa Man Rai, Geological field trips in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet, Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 47, 1- 38.
  • Jamwal, J.S., & Siddiqui, M.A. (1993). Delineation of Main Central Thrust across UP – HP border, Uttarkashi District, UP and Shimla District, H.P. Geological Survey of India, Records, 126(8), 255-257.
  • Khanduri, S. (2022). Rain-Induced Slope Instability: Case Study of Monsoon 2020 Affected Villages in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications, 4(1), 1-18.
  • Khanduri, S. (2020). Cloudbursts Over Indian Sub-continent of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Traditional Habitation Input from Bansoli, District-Chamoli, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications, 2(2), 48-63.
  • Khanduri, S., & Sajwan, K.S. (2019). Flash floods in Himalaya with special reference to Mori tehsil of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Current Research in Multidisciplinary, 4(9), 10-18.
  • Khanduri, S. (2019). Natural Hazards in the township of Nainital, Uttarakhand in India. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 3(12), 42-49.
  • Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., Rawat, A., Dhyani, C., & Kapoor, S. (2018). Disaster in Rudraprayag District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Special Emphasis on Geomorphic Changes and Slope Instability. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters, 8(1), 1-9.
  • Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., & Rawat, A. (2018a). Disastrous Events on Kelash-Mansarowar Route, Dharchula Tehsil in Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in India. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 9(4), 1-4.
  • Khanduri, S. (2018). Landslide Distribution and Damages during 2013 Deluge: A Case Study of Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters, 8(2), 1-10.
  • Khanduri, S. (2017). Disaster Hit Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: Causes and Implications. Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters, 7(3), 1-5.
  • Khanduri, S., & Rautela, P. (2012). Geological note on road subsidence on Yamunotri NH 94 below Wariya village in Barkot tehsil of Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Department of Disaster Management, 12.
  • Kothyari, G.C., Pant, P.D., & Luirei, K. (2012). Landslides and Neotectonic Activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Zone: Southeastern Kumaun, Uttarakhand. Journal of Geological Society of India, 80, 101-110.
  • Kumar, M., Rana, S., Pant, P.D., & Patel, R.C. (2017). Slope stability analysis of Balia Nala landslide, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 9, 150-158.
  • Kumari, S., Haustein, K., Javid, H., Burton, C., Allen, M.R., Paltan, H., Dadson, S., & Otto, F.E.L. (2019). Return period of extreme rainfall substantially decreases under 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming: a case study for Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Research Letters, 14, 1-10.
  • Larson, K.J., Basagaoglu, H., & Marino, M.A. (2001). Prediction of optimal safe Groundwater yield and land Subsidence in the Los Banos-Kettleman city area, California, Using a Calibrated Numerical Simulation Model. Journal of Hydrology, 242, 79-102.
  • Maikhuri, R.K., Nautiyal, S., Rao, K.S., & Saxena, K.G. (2001). Conservation policy–people conflicts: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a World Heritage Site), India. Forest Policy and Economics, 2(3-4), 355-365.
  • Martinez, J.P., Cano, E.C., Wdowinski, S., Marin, M.H., Lozano, J.A.O., & Leon, M.E.Z. (2015). Application of InSAR and Gravimetry for Land Subsidence Hazard Zoning in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Remote Sensing, 7, 17035–17050.
  • Mukherjee, S., Aadhar, S., Stone, D., & Mishra, V. (2018). Increase in extreme precipitation events under anthropogenic warming in India. Weather and Climate Extremes, 20, 45-53.
  • Pacheco, J., Arzate, J., Rojas, E., Arroyo, M., Yutsis, V., & Ochoa, G. (2006). Delimitation of ground failure zones due to land subsidence using gravity data and finite element modeling in the Queretaro valley, Mexico. Engineering Geology, 84(3), 143-160.
  • Pande, A. (2016). Assessment of slope instability and its impact on land status: a case study from Central Himalaya, India. Landform Analysis, 32, 27–43.
  • Park, J.Y., Jang, E., & Ihm, M.H. (2017). Study of Influence Factors for Prediction of Ground Subsidence Risk. Journal of Korean Society of Disaster & Security, 10(1), 29-34.
  • Paudyal, H., & Panthi, A. (2010). Seismic Vulnerability in the Himalayan Region. The Himalayan Physics, 1(1), 14-17.
  • Poland, J.F. (1981). The occurrence and control of land subsidence due to Groundwater withdrawal with special reference to the San Joaquin and Santa Clara valleys, California, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
  • Rautela, P. (2015). Traditional Genius and Earthquakes. Geography and You, 24-26.
  • Rautela, P. and Khanduri, S. 2011. Slope instability and geo-environmental issues of the area around Nainital. Publication of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Department of Disaster Management, 92.
  • Rautela, P. (2005). Ground subsidence: a silent disaster in Himalaya. Disaster Prevention and Management, 14(3), 395-406.
  • Sain, K., Kumar, A., Mehta, M., Verma, A., Tiwari, S.K., Garg, P.K., Kumar, V., Rai, S.K., & Srivastava, K.S. (2021). A Perspective on Rishiganga-Dhauliganga Flash flood in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal Geological Society of India, 97, 335-338.
  • Sati, V.P. (2020). Vertical and horizontal distribution of forests in Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Geographical analysis. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(2), 229-244.
  • Sati, S.P., Sharma, S., Sundriyal, Y.P., Rawat, D., & Riyal, M. (2020). Geo-environmental consequences of obstructing the Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 11(1), 887–905.
  • Stiros, S.C. (2001). Subsidence of the Thessaloniki (northern Greece) coastal plain, 1960-1999. Engineering Geology, 61(4), 243-256.
  • Trenberth, K.E. (2011). Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research, 47, 123–138.
  • Uniyal, A. (2006). Disaster management strategy for mass wasting hazard prone Naitwar Bazar and surrounding areas in Upper Tons valley in Uttarkashi district, Uttaranchal (India). Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(5), 821-837.
  • USDMA (2021). Geological and Geotechnical Report over Reni village on Joshimath-Malari Road in Chamoli, Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority, Department of Disaster Management, 16.
  • USDMA (2022). Geological and Geotechnical survey of land subsidence areas of Joshimath town and surrounding regions, Uttarakhand. Unpublished expert committee report of Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority, Department of Disaster Management, 28.
  • Valdiya, K.S. (2014). Damming rivers in the tectonically resurgent Uttarakhand Himalaya. Current Science, 106(12), 1658-1668.
  • Valdiya. K.S. (1989). Trans-Himadri intracrustal fault and basement upwarps south of the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 153-168.
  • Valdiya, K.S., & Goel, O.P. (1983). Lithological subdivision and petrology of the great Himalayan Vaikrita Group in Kumaon Himalaya, India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences, 92, 141-163.
  • Valdiya, K.S. (1980). Geology of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, India, 249.
  • Yıldız, M.S., & Sarifakioglu, E. (2022). Investigation in terms of soil characteristics of Inandik (Cankiri, Turkiye) sinkholes due to gypsum karstification. Proceedings of IKSTC 2022 - The 1st international Karatekin Science and Technology Conference, 1-3 September 2022, Çankiri, Turkey. 245-252.
  • Zhou, G.Y., & Esaki, T.J. (2003). GIS based spatial and predication system development for regional land subsidence hazard mitigation. Environmental Geology, 44, 665-678.

Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 870 - 889, 30.09.2023

Sushil Khanduri Rajendra Dutt Saklani Bishnu Maya Chetry

https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1237378

Abstract

Land subsidence is an abrupt and silent disaster worldwide caused by various factors such as tectonics, nature of rocks and climatic variability etc. It is directly triggered by anthropogenic activities. The Uttarakhand Himalayan province in India has witnessed several earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, droughts, and flash floods/floods in the recent past. Among these incidences landslides frequently occurs in the Himalayan region, particularly during the monsoon season. Seismically, this region falls in seismic zones V and IV due to which area witnesses frequent earthquakes. An attempt was made for preparation of an inventory of land subsidence across the state of Uttarakhand to determine the key factors that are responsible for land subsidence. Previous studies and field evidences suggests that land subsidence events mainly occur due to several factors such as carbonate rocks, topography, tectonics, seismicity, climate, flash floods/floods and reservoir drawdown effect in this region. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities such as mining, underground water, unscientifically civil constructions, inadequate drainage, heavy load on ground/slope, and modification of slope for infrastructure developments aggravates the problem. This study also highlights the problem of ongoing chronic land subsidence in Joshimath town which is situated over an old landslide mass as well as its proximity to Vaikrita Thrust.

Keywords

Central Himalaya Joshimath Key Contributing Factors Land Subsidence Inventory Risk Reduction

References

  • Arık, F. (2018). Sinkholes, Sinkhole Formations in Central Anatolia and Suggestions for Solutions. Maden ve İnsan 3, 46-53 (in Turkish).
  • Auden, J.B. (1949). In Director’s General report for 1939. Record of Geological Survey of India, 78, 74-78.
  • Bhambri, R., Mehta, M., Dobhal, D.P., Gupta, A.K., Pratap, B., Kesarwani, K., & Verma, A. (2016). Devastation in the Kedarnath (Mandakini) Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, during 16-17 June, 2013: a remote sensing and ground-based assessment. Natural Hazards, 80(3), 741-766.
  • Bisht, M.P.S., & Rautela, P. (2010). Disaster looms large over Joshimath. Current Science, 88(10), 1271. Bilham, R., Gaur, V.K., & Molnar, P. (2001). Himalayan seismic hazard. Science, 293, 1442–1444.
  • Bosak, K. (2008). Nature, Conflict and Biodiversity Conservation in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Conservation and Society, 6(3), 211–224.
  • Carminati, E., & Martinelli, G. (2002). Subsidence rates in the Po plain, northern Italy: The relative impact of natural and anthropogenic causation. Engineering Geology, 66, 241-255.
  • Devi, M., Gupta, V., Solanki, A., & Sarkar, K. (2022). Assessment of slope instability using Kinematic analysis and Finite Element Modelling in the Main Central Thrust zone, Bhagirathi Valley, NW Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, 43(1A), 51-60.
  • Devrani, R., & Singh, V. (2014). Evolution of valley-fill terraces in the Alaknanda Valley, NW Himalaya: its implication on river response studies. Geomorphology, 1, 10.
  • DMMC (2007). Ground subsidence in Chain Village of Chamoli district in Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 12.
  • DMMC (2012). Investigations in the Asi Ganga valley on the aftermath of flash flood / landslide incidences in August, 2012. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 45.
  • DMMC (2012a). Investigations in the areas around Okhimath in Rudraprayag district on the aftermath of landslide incidences of September 2012. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 37.
  • DMMC (2018). Report Note on land subsidence of Lower Mall Road in Nainital, Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC), Department of Disaster Management, 9.
  • Dobhal, D.P., Gupta, A.K., Mehta, M., & Khandelwal, D.D. (2013). Kedarnath disaster: facts and plausible causes. Current Science, 105(2), 171–174.
  • Feldl, N., & Bilham, R. (2006). Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau, Nature, 444, 165–170. Galloway, D.L., Erkens, G., Kuniansky, E.L., & Rowland, J.C. (2016). Preface: Land subsidence processes. Hydrogeology Journal, 24, 547–550.
  • Ghosh, A., Sarkar, S., Kanungo, D.P., Jain, S.K., Kumar, D., Kalura, A.S., & Kumar, S. (2009). Slope instability and risk assessment of an unstable slope at Agrakhal, Uttarakhand. Indian Geotechnical Society (IGC) 2009, Guntur, India, 783-785.
  • Goswami, P.K., Pant. C.C., & Pandey, S. (2009). Tectonic controls on the geomorphic evolution of alluvial fans in the Piedmont Zone of Ganga Plain, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 118(3), 245–259.
  • Gupta, V., Dobhal, D.P., & Vaideswaran, S.C. (2013). August 2012 cloudburst and subsequent flash flood in the Asi Ganga, a tributary of the Bhagirathi river, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science, 105(2), 249-253.
  • Gupta, P., Mukherjee, D., Sikdar, P.K., & Kumar, K. (2004). Investigation and control of Narayanbagar landslide, District Chamoli, Uttaranchal, India- A case study. Proceedings: Fifth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering New York, NY, April 13-17, 2004. 1-8.
  • Heim, A., & Gansser, A. (1939). Central Himalaya: geological observations of the Swiss expedition 1936. Memoir Society Helvetica Science Nature, 73, 1–245.
  • Hu, R.L., Wang, S.J., Lee, C.F., & Li, M.L. (2002). Characteristics and trends of land subsidence in Tanggu, Tianjin, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 61, 213-225.
  • IS 1893 (2002). Indian Standard (IS):1893, Part 1, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
  • Jain, A.K., Shreshtha, M., Seth, P., Kanyal, L., Carosi, R., Montomoli, C., Iaccarino, S., & Mukherjee, P.K. (2014). The Higher Himalayan Crystallines, Alaknanda – Dhauli Ganga Valleys, Garhwal Himalaya, India. In (Eds.) Chiara Montomoli, Rodolfo Carosi, Rick Law, Sandeep Singh and Santa Man Rai, Geological field trips in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet, Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 47, 1- 38.
  • Jamwal, J.S., & Siddiqui, M.A. (1993). Delineation of Main Central Thrust across UP – HP border, Uttarkashi District, UP and Shimla District, H.P. Geological Survey of India, Records, 126(8), 255-257.
  • Khanduri, S. (2022). Rain-Induced Slope Instability: Case Study of Monsoon 2020 Affected Villages in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications, 4(1), 1-18.
  • Khanduri, S. (2020). Cloudbursts Over Indian Sub-continent of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Traditional Habitation Input from Bansoli, District-Chamoli, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications, 2(2), 48-63.
  • Khanduri, S., & Sajwan, K.S. (2019). Flash floods in Himalaya with special reference to Mori tehsil of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Current Research in Multidisciplinary, 4(9), 10-18.
  • Khanduri, S. (2019). Natural Hazards in the township of Nainital, Uttarakhand in India. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 3(12), 42-49.
  • Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., Rawat, A., Dhyani, C., & Kapoor, S. (2018). Disaster in Rudraprayag District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Special Emphasis on Geomorphic Changes and Slope Instability. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters, 8(1), 1-9.
  • Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., & Rawat, A. (2018a). Disastrous Events on Kelash-Mansarowar Route, Dharchula Tehsil in Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in India. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 9(4), 1-4.
  • Khanduri, S. (2018). Landslide Distribution and Damages during 2013 Deluge: A Case Study of Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters, 8(2), 1-10.
  • Khanduri, S. (2017). Disaster Hit Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: Causes and Implications. Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters, 7(3), 1-5.
  • Khanduri, S., & Rautela, P. (2012). Geological note on road subsidence on Yamunotri NH 94 below Wariya village in Barkot tehsil of Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand. Unpublished report of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Department of Disaster Management, 12.
  • Kothyari, G.C., Pant, P.D., & Luirei, K. (2012). Landslides and Neotectonic Activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Zone: Southeastern Kumaun, Uttarakhand. Journal of Geological Society of India, 80, 101-110.
  • Kumar, M., Rana, S., Pant, P.D., & Patel, R.C. (2017). Slope stability analysis of Balia Nala landslide, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 9, 150-158.
  • Kumari, S., Haustein, K., Javid, H., Burton, C., Allen, M.R., Paltan, H., Dadson, S., & Otto, F.E.L. (2019). Return period of extreme rainfall substantially decreases under 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming: a case study for Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Research Letters, 14, 1-10.
  • Larson, K.J., Basagaoglu, H., & Marino, M.A. (2001). Prediction of optimal safe Groundwater yield and land Subsidence in the Los Banos-Kettleman city area, California, Using a Calibrated Numerical Simulation Model. Journal of Hydrology, 242, 79-102.
  • Maikhuri, R.K., Nautiyal, S., Rao, K.S., & Saxena, K.G. (2001). Conservation policy–people conflicts: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a World Heritage Site), India. Forest Policy and Economics, 2(3-4), 355-365.
  • Martinez, J.P., Cano, E.C., Wdowinski, S., Marin, M.H., Lozano, J.A.O., & Leon, M.E.Z. (2015). Application of InSAR and Gravimetry for Land Subsidence Hazard Zoning in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Remote Sensing, 7, 17035–17050.
  • Mukherjee, S., Aadhar, S., Stone, D., & Mishra, V. (2018). Increase in extreme precipitation events under anthropogenic warming in India. Weather and Climate Extremes, 20, 45-53.
  • Pacheco, J., Arzate, J., Rojas, E., Arroyo, M., Yutsis, V., & Ochoa, G. (2006). Delimitation of ground failure zones due to land subsidence using gravity data and finite element modeling in the Queretaro valley, Mexico. Engineering Geology, 84(3), 143-160.
  • Pande, A. (2016). Assessment of slope instability and its impact on land status: a case study from Central Himalaya, India. Landform Analysis, 32, 27–43.
  • Park, J.Y., Jang, E., & Ihm, M.H. (2017). Study of Influence Factors for Prediction of Ground Subsidence Risk. Journal of Korean Society of Disaster & Security, 10(1), 29-34.
  • Paudyal, H., & Panthi, A. (2010). Seismic Vulnerability in the Himalayan Region. The Himalayan Physics, 1(1), 14-17.
  • Poland, J.F. (1981). The occurrence and control of land subsidence due to Groundwater withdrawal with special reference to the San Joaquin and Santa Clara valleys, California, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
  • Rautela, P. (2015). Traditional Genius and Earthquakes. Geography and You, 24-26.
  • Rautela, P. and Khanduri, S. 2011. Slope instability and geo-environmental issues of the area around Nainital. Publication of Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Department of Disaster Management, 92.
  • Rautela, P. (2005). Ground subsidence: a silent disaster in Himalaya. Disaster Prevention and Management, 14(3), 395-406.
  • Sain, K., Kumar, A., Mehta, M., Verma, A., Tiwari, S.K., Garg, P.K., Kumar, V., Rai, S.K., & Srivastava, K.S. (2021). A Perspective on Rishiganga-Dhauliganga Flash flood in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal Geological Society of India, 97, 335-338.
  • Sati, V.P. (2020). Vertical and horizontal distribution of forests in Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Geographical analysis. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(2), 229-244.
  • Sati, S.P., Sharma, S., Sundriyal, Y.P., Rawat, D., & Riyal, M. (2020). Geo-environmental consequences of obstructing the Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 11(1), 887–905.
  • Stiros, S.C. (2001). Subsidence of the Thessaloniki (northern Greece) coastal plain, 1960-1999. Engineering Geology, 61(4), 243-256.
  • Trenberth, K.E. (2011). Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research, 47, 123–138.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sushil Khanduri 0000-0002-2787-8337

Rajendra Dutt Saklani This is me 0009-0003-7131-0778

Bishnu Maya Chetry This is me 0009-0000-8738-995X

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Acceptance Date September 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Khanduri, S., Saklani, R. D., & Chetry, B. M. (2023). Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 6(3), 870-889. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1237378
AMA Khanduri S, Saklani RD, Chetry BM. Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. September 2023;6(3):870-889. doi:10.35341/afet.1237378
Chicago Khanduri, Sushil, Rajendra Dutt Saklani, and Bishnu Maya Chetry. “Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 6, no. 3 (September 2023): 870-89. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1237378.
EndNote Khanduri S, Saklani RD, Chetry BM (September 1, 2023) Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6 3 870–889.
IEEE S. Khanduri, R. D. Saklani, and B. M. Chetry, “Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 870–889, 2023, doi: 10.35341/afet.1237378.
ISNAD Khanduri, Sushil et al. “Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6/3 (September 2023), 870-889. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1237378.
JAMA Khanduri S, Saklani RD, Chetry BM. Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6:870–889.
MLA Khanduri, Sushil et al. “Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, 2023, pp. 870-89, doi:10.35341/afet.1237378.
Vancouver Khanduri S, Saklani RD, Chetry BM. Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6(3):870-89.
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