Research Article
Investigation of the Relationship Between Muscle Deprivation and Eating Disorder in Fitness Athletes
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle deprivation and eating disorder tendency in the sample of Turkish athletes and to examine them in terms of gender, years of doing sports and number of training.
A total of 276 fitness athletes with an average age of 26.72, determined by the random sampling method based on voluntariness, participated in the questionnaire applied in the study. The data of the research were collected by google form online questionnaire using “Personal Information Form”, “Muscle Deprivation Scale” and “Orthorexia-11 Scale”. Independent Sample T Test, One-Way ANOVA test and Pearson Correlation test were used to analyze the data determined to be normally distributed.
It was determined that the muscle deprivation scores of the athletes differed according to gender, number of training sessions and years of doing sports (p<0.05), if their orthorexic tendencies differed according to gender and number of training sessions (p<0.05). In addition, a negative correlation was observed between the muscle deprivation levels of the athletes and their eating disorder scores (p<0.05).
Body dissatisfaction appears to be one of the most consistent and robust causal risk factors for eating disorder behaviors. Considering the importance of physical appearance in fitness athletes, it is thought that the desire to build more muscle due to environmental influences is thought to be a factor in increasing muscle deprivation in them, while the desire to have a fit triangle body appearance puts the fitnes under pressure and causes deterioration in their eating behaviors.
References
- 1. Friend, B, Patrick, S, Schneider, C, and Vander Ark, T. (2017). “What's Possible with Personalized Learning? An Overview of Personalized Learning for Schools, Families and Communities”. iNACOL.
- 2. de Bruin, A.P, Oudejans, R.R.D, Bakker, F.C, and Woertman, L. (2011). “Contextual Body İmage and Athletes’ Disordered Eating: The Contribution of Athletic Body İmage to Disordered Eating in High Performance Women Athletes”. European Eating Disorders Review, 19 (3), 201–215.
- 3. Bratland-Sanda, S, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). “Eating Disorders in Athletes: Overview of Prevalence, Risk Factors and Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment”. Eur J Sport Sci, 13, 499–508.
- 4. Martinsen, M, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). “Higher Prevalence of Eating Disorders Among Adolescent Elite Athletes Than Controls”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45 (6),1188–1197.
- 5. Kalkavan, A, Terzi, E, and Kayhan, R.F. (2021). “Investigation of Exercise Addiction Levels of Olympic Preparation Center in Athletes Turkey”. Journal of Sports Education, 5 (2), 25-35.
- 6. Smolak, L, Murnen, S.K, and Ruble, A.E. (2000). “Female Athletes and Eating Problems: a Meta-Analysis”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27 (4), 371–380.
- 7. McFarland, M.B, and Kaminski, P.L. (2009). “Men, Muscles, and Mood: the Relationship Between Self-Concept, Dysphoria, and Body İmage Disturbances”. Eating Behaviors, 10 (1), 68-70.
- 8. Mitchell, L, Murray, S.B, Cobley, S, Hackett D, Gifford, J, Capling, L, O’connor, H. (2017). “Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology and Associated Psychological Features İn Bodybuilders and Non-Bodybuilder Resistance Trainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Sports Medicine, 47 (2), 233–259.
- 9. Rosendahl, J, Bormann, B, Aschenbrenner, K, Aschenbrenner, F, and Strauss, B. (2009). “Dieting and Disordered Eating in German High School Athletes and Non-Athletes”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19 (5), 731–739.
- 10. Kayhan, R.F, Bardakci, S, and Caz, C. (2020). “Adaptation of the Sport Engagement Scale to Turkish”. Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches, 9 (3), 2905-2922.
- 11. Torstveit, M.K, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2004). “The Female Athlete Triad: Are Elite Athletes at Increased Risk?”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37 (2), 184–193.
- 12. Torstveit, M.K, Rosenvinge, J.H, and Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (2008). “Prevalence of Eating Disorders and The Predictive Power of Risk Models in Female Elite Athletes: A Controlled Study”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 18 (1), 108-118.
- 13. Sundgot-Borgen, J, and Torstveit, M.K. (2010). “Aspects of Disordered Eating Continuum in Elite High-İntensity Sports”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20 (2),112–121.
- 14. Mccreary, D.R, Sasse, D.K. (2000). “An Exploration of The Drive for Muscularity in Adolescent Boys and Girls”. Journal of American College Health, 48, 297–304.
- 15. McCreary, D.R, Sasse, D.K, Saucier, D.M, Dorsch, K.D. (2004). “Measuring the Drive for Muscularity: Factorial Validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Men And Women”. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5 (1), 49-58.
- 16. Yildiz, A. (2015). The Relationship Between Muscle Deprivation Symptoms and Basic Psychological Needs, Passion and Motivational Orientation in Exercise Participants. Master Thesis. Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
- 17. Donini, L.M, Marsili, D, and Graziani, M.P. (2005). “Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of a Diagnosis Questionnaire”. Eat. Weight Disord, 10, e28-e32.
- 18. Arusoglu, G, Kabakci, E, Koksal, G, and Merdol, T.K. (2008). “Orthorexia Nervosa and Adaptation on of ORTO-11 into Turkish”. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 19 (3).
- 19. Pope Jr, H.G, Gruber, A.J, Mangweth, B, Bureau, B, Decol, C, Jouvent, R, and Hudson, J.I. (2000). “Body İmage Perception Among Men in Three Countries”. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157 (8), 1297-1301.
- 20. Olivardia, R. (2001). “Mirror, Mirror on The Wall, Who's the Largest of Them All? The Features and Phenomenology of Muscle Dysmorphia”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9 (5), 254-259
- 21. Olivardia, R, Pope Jr, H.G, Borowiecki, J.J, Cohane, G.H. (2004). “Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms”. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5 (2), 112-120
- 22. Babusa, B. (2013). Muscle Dysmorphia in Hungarian High Risk Populations. Semmelweis University. PhD. Thesis. Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Budapest.
- 23. Hale, B.D, Roth, A.D, DeLong, R.E, Briggs, M.S. (2010). “Exercise Dependence and the Drive for Muscularity in Male Bodybuilders, Power Lifters, and Fitness Lifters”. Body Image, 7 (3), 234-239.
- 24. Kyrejto, J.W, Mosewich, A.D, Kowalski, K.C, Mack, D.E, Crocker, P.R. (2008). “Men's and Women's Drive for Muscularity: Gender Differences and Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates”. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6 (1), 69-84.
- 25. McDonald, A.H, Pritchard, M, and McGuire, M.K. (2020). “Self-Reported Eating Disorder Risk in Lean and Non-Lean NCAA Collegiate Athletes”. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25, 745-750.
- 26. Mancine, R.P, Gusfa, D.W, Moshrefi, A, and Kennedy, S.F. (2020). “Prevalence of Disordered Eating in Athletes Categorized by Emphasis on Leanness and Activity Type–A Systematic Review”. Journal of eating disorders, 8 (1), 1-9.
- 27. Bratland-Sanda, S, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2012). “Symptoms of Eating Disorders, Drive for Muscularity and Physical Activity Among Norwegian Adolescents”. European Eating Disorders Review, 20 (4), 287–293.
- 28. Blashill, A.J. (2011). “Gender Roles, Eating Pathology, and Body Dissatisfaction in Men: A Meta-Analysis”. Body Image, 8, 1–11.
- 29. Dakanalis, A, Timko, A, Madeddu, F, Volpato, C, Clerici, M, Riva, G, Zanetti, A.M. (2015). “Are the Male Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Muscularity Scales Reliable and Valid İnstruments?”. Journal of Health Psychology, 20 (1), 48–59.
- 30. Dawes, J, Mankin, T. (2004). “Muscle Dysmorphia”. National Strength and Conditioning Association, 26 (2), 24–25.
- 31. Eik-Nes, T.T, Calzo, J.P, Austin, S.B, Blashill, A.J, Murray, S.B. (2018). “Prospective Health Associations of Drive for Muscularity in Young Adult Males”. Int J Eat Disord., 51, 1185–1193.
Year 2023,
Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1941 - 1949, 26.12.2023
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Türk sporcu örneğinde kas yoksunluğu ile yeme bozukluğu eğilimi arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması ve cinsiyet, spor yapma yılı ve antrenman sayısı değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırmada uygulanan anket formunu, gönüllülük esasına dayalı tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen yaş ortalaması 26,72 olan toplamda 276 fitness sporcusu online ortamda doldurdu. Araştırmanın verileri, “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Kas Yoksunluğu Ölçeği” ve “Ortoreksiya-11 Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplandı. Anket formu, google form çevrim içi anket yolu ile katılımcılara gönderildi. Verilerin normal dağıldığı belirlendi ve analizlerde Independet Sample T-Testi, One-Way Anova testi ve Pearson Korelasyon testi kullanıldı.
Sporcuların, kas yoksunluğu puanlarının cinsiyet, antrenman sayısı ve spor yapma yılına göre farklılık gösterdiği (p<0,05), ortorektik eğilimlerinin ise cinsiyete ve antrenman sayısına göre ise farklılık gösterdiği belirlendi (p<0,05). Ayrıca sporcuların kas yoksunluğu düzeyleri ile yeme bozukluğu puanları arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu görüldü (p<0,05).
Vücut memnuniyetsizliği, yeme bozukluğu davranışlarının en tutarlı ve sağlam nedensel risk faktörlerinden biri olduğu görülmektedir. Fitness yapan sporcularda fiziksel görünümün önemi düşünüldüğünde, çevresel etkilerden dolayı daha fazla kas yapma arzusunun, onlarda kas yoksunluğunun artmasına etken olduğu düşünülürken, fit bir üçgen vücut görünümüne sahip olma isteğinin de fitnesçıları baskı altında bırakarak yeme davranışlarında bozulmalara sebebiyet verdiği düşünülmektedir.
References
- 1. Friend, B, Patrick, S, Schneider, C, and Vander Ark, T. (2017). “What's Possible with Personalized Learning? An Overview of Personalized Learning for Schools, Families and Communities”. iNACOL.
- 2. de Bruin, A.P, Oudejans, R.R.D, Bakker, F.C, and Woertman, L. (2011). “Contextual Body İmage and Athletes’ Disordered Eating: The Contribution of Athletic Body İmage to Disordered Eating in High Performance Women Athletes”. European Eating Disorders Review, 19 (3), 201–215.
- 3. Bratland-Sanda, S, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). “Eating Disorders in Athletes: Overview of Prevalence, Risk Factors and Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment”. Eur J Sport Sci, 13, 499–508.
- 4. Martinsen, M, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). “Higher Prevalence of Eating Disorders Among Adolescent Elite Athletes Than Controls”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45 (6),1188–1197.
- 5. Kalkavan, A, Terzi, E, and Kayhan, R.F. (2021). “Investigation of Exercise Addiction Levels of Olympic Preparation Center in Athletes Turkey”. Journal of Sports Education, 5 (2), 25-35.
- 6. Smolak, L, Murnen, S.K, and Ruble, A.E. (2000). “Female Athletes and Eating Problems: a Meta-Analysis”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27 (4), 371–380.
- 7. McFarland, M.B, and Kaminski, P.L. (2009). “Men, Muscles, and Mood: the Relationship Between Self-Concept, Dysphoria, and Body İmage Disturbances”. Eating Behaviors, 10 (1), 68-70.
- 8. Mitchell, L, Murray, S.B, Cobley, S, Hackett D, Gifford, J, Capling, L, O’connor, H. (2017). “Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology and Associated Psychological Features İn Bodybuilders and Non-Bodybuilder Resistance Trainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Sports Medicine, 47 (2), 233–259.
- 9. Rosendahl, J, Bormann, B, Aschenbrenner, K, Aschenbrenner, F, and Strauss, B. (2009). “Dieting and Disordered Eating in German High School Athletes and Non-Athletes”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19 (5), 731–739.
- 10. Kayhan, R.F, Bardakci, S, and Caz, C. (2020). “Adaptation of the Sport Engagement Scale to Turkish”. Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches, 9 (3), 2905-2922.
- 11. Torstveit, M.K, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2004). “The Female Athlete Triad: Are Elite Athletes at Increased Risk?”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37 (2), 184–193.
- 12. Torstveit, M.K, Rosenvinge, J.H, and Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (2008). “Prevalence of Eating Disorders and The Predictive Power of Risk Models in Female Elite Athletes: A Controlled Study”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 18 (1), 108-118.
- 13. Sundgot-Borgen, J, and Torstveit, M.K. (2010). “Aspects of Disordered Eating Continuum in Elite High-İntensity Sports”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20 (2),112–121.
- 14. Mccreary, D.R, Sasse, D.K. (2000). “An Exploration of The Drive for Muscularity in Adolescent Boys and Girls”. Journal of American College Health, 48, 297–304.
- 15. McCreary, D.R, Sasse, D.K, Saucier, D.M, Dorsch, K.D. (2004). “Measuring the Drive for Muscularity: Factorial Validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Men And Women”. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5 (1), 49-58.
- 16. Yildiz, A. (2015). The Relationship Between Muscle Deprivation Symptoms and Basic Psychological Needs, Passion and Motivational Orientation in Exercise Participants. Master Thesis. Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
- 17. Donini, L.M, Marsili, D, and Graziani, M.P. (2005). “Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of a Diagnosis Questionnaire”. Eat. Weight Disord, 10, e28-e32.
- 18. Arusoglu, G, Kabakci, E, Koksal, G, and Merdol, T.K. (2008). “Orthorexia Nervosa and Adaptation on of ORTO-11 into Turkish”. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 19 (3).
- 19. Pope Jr, H.G, Gruber, A.J, Mangweth, B, Bureau, B, Decol, C, Jouvent, R, and Hudson, J.I. (2000). “Body İmage Perception Among Men in Three Countries”. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157 (8), 1297-1301.
- 20. Olivardia, R. (2001). “Mirror, Mirror on The Wall, Who's the Largest of Them All? The Features and Phenomenology of Muscle Dysmorphia”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9 (5), 254-259
- 21. Olivardia, R, Pope Jr, H.G, Borowiecki, J.J, Cohane, G.H. (2004). “Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms”. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5 (2), 112-120
- 22. Babusa, B. (2013). Muscle Dysmorphia in Hungarian High Risk Populations. Semmelweis University. PhD. Thesis. Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Budapest.
- 23. Hale, B.D, Roth, A.D, DeLong, R.E, Briggs, M.S. (2010). “Exercise Dependence and the Drive for Muscularity in Male Bodybuilders, Power Lifters, and Fitness Lifters”. Body Image, 7 (3), 234-239.
- 24. Kyrejto, J.W, Mosewich, A.D, Kowalski, K.C, Mack, D.E, Crocker, P.R. (2008). “Men's and Women's Drive for Muscularity: Gender Differences and Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates”. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6 (1), 69-84.
- 25. McDonald, A.H, Pritchard, M, and McGuire, M.K. (2020). “Self-Reported Eating Disorder Risk in Lean and Non-Lean NCAA Collegiate Athletes”. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25, 745-750.
- 26. Mancine, R.P, Gusfa, D.W, Moshrefi, A, and Kennedy, S.F. (2020). “Prevalence of Disordered Eating in Athletes Categorized by Emphasis on Leanness and Activity Type–A Systematic Review”. Journal of eating disorders, 8 (1), 1-9.
- 27. Bratland-Sanda, S, and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2012). “Symptoms of Eating Disorders, Drive for Muscularity and Physical Activity Among Norwegian Adolescents”. European Eating Disorders Review, 20 (4), 287–293.
- 28. Blashill, A.J. (2011). “Gender Roles, Eating Pathology, and Body Dissatisfaction in Men: A Meta-Analysis”. Body Image, 8, 1–11.
- 29. Dakanalis, A, Timko, A, Madeddu, F, Volpato, C, Clerici, M, Riva, G, Zanetti, A.M. (2015). “Are the Male Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Muscularity Scales Reliable and Valid İnstruments?”. Journal of Health Psychology, 20 (1), 48–59.
- 30. Dawes, J, Mankin, T. (2004). “Muscle Dysmorphia”. National Strength and Conditioning Association, 26 (2), 24–25.
- 31. Eik-Nes, T.T, Calzo, J.P, Austin, S.B, Blashill, A.J, Murray, S.B. (2018). “Prospective Health Associations of Drive for Muscularity in Young Adult Males”. Int J Eat Disord., 51, 1185–1193.
There are 31 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Original Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 26, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 |
