Research Article
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THE IMPACT OF WESTERN MARXISM ON CULTURAL STUDIES

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 286 - 296, 30.12.2023

Kazım Tolga Gürel

Abstract

Marxism is an ideology that is mixed with many currents of thought. It has been embodied as a form of government in various forms in different geographies and has evolved under the influence of cultures and thinkers in the geographies where it was shaped. In many countries where the working class did not directly take power, it also influenced the practices of bourgeois-democratic governments in capitalist countries. It had an impact on political movements such as social democracy. In addition, the struggles of the working class have influenced many practices, from the education system to the insurance system, from eight-hour working hours and holidays to equal voting rights and anti-fascist laws.
Marxism, an ideology that directly influenced the social sciences, apart from the political openings and new perspectives it caused, is one of the waves of ideas that most affected the cultural structure regarding ideologies. As Adorno emphasized, science needs the disobedient, and the pioneers of many intellectual movements that have had a significant impact on cultural life are Marxists or people who look at life from a perspective close to this perspective. This study will explain the influence of the representatives of British cultural studies, an essential link of Western Marxism, on Marxism and their contributions to social sciences.

Keywords

Cultural Studies Ideology Western Marxism Orthodox Marxism.

References

  • Bakhtin, M. (2001). Karnavaldan Romana, (Çev. Sibel Irzık). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Barthes, Roland (2005). Göstergebilimsel Serüven, (Çev. Mehmet Rıfat, Sema Rıfat). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Bernstein, B. (1958). “Some Sociological Determinants of Perception: An Enquiry İnto Sub-cultural Differences”, The British Journal of Sociology, 9 (2), 159-174.
  • Bora, T. (2021). İnşaat Ya Resulullah. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi.
  • Bourse, M.; Yücel, H. (2017). Kültürel Çalışmaları Anlamak, (Çev. Halime Yücel). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi.
  • Brenkman, J. (1995). “Raymond Williams and Marxism”, Cultural Politics, 9, 237-267.
  • Cohen, M. (1993). Profane İllumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution (Vol. 5). Univ of California Press.
  • Connell, K. (2015). “Policing the Crisis 35 Years on”, Contemporary British History, 29 (2), 273-283.
  • Drucker, P. (2012). The New Realities. London and New York: Routledge.
  • During, S. (1999). The Cultural Studies Reader. New York & London: Routledge Publications.
  • Eagleton, T. (2013). Marxism and Literary Criticism. Routledge.
  • Erdoğan, İrfan; Alemdar, Korkmaz (1998). Başlangıcından Günümüze İletişim Kuram ve Araştırmaları. Ankara: My Yayınları.
  • Filippini, M. (2016). Using Gramsci: A New Approach. Pluto Press.
  • Fitzpatrick, S. (2007). “Revisionism in Soviet History”. History and Theory, 46 (4), 77-91.
  • Giddens, A. (2013). The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gramsci, A. (1983). Aydınlar ve Toplum, (Çev. Ferit Edgü, Vedat Günyol, Bertan Onaran). Ankara: Örnek Yayınları.
  • Gramsci, A. (1997). Hapishane Defterleri, (Çev. Adnan Cemgil). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Gramsci, A. (1998). Komünist Partiye Doğru, (Çev. Celal A. Kanat). İstanbul: Düşünce Dizisi.
  • Gramsci, A. (2005). “The İntellectuals”, Contemporary Sociological Thought–Themes and Theories, 49-58.
  • Grossberg, L.; Nelson, C.; Treichler, P. (Eds.) (2013). Cultural Studies. Routledge.
  • Güngör, Nazife (1999). Popüler Kültür ve İktidar. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Hall, S. (1980). “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society, 2, 57-72.
  • Hall, S. (1992). “Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies”, pp. 277-294.
  • Hall, S. (1999). “Encoding-decoding”, The Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, S. (2005). “Introduction to Media Studies at the Centre: Some Problematic and Problems”, Culture, Media, Language (Ed. D. Hobson. S. Hall, A. Lowe, P. Willis). Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • Hall, S.; Critcher, C.; Jefferson, T.; Clarke, J.; Roberts, B. (2017). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Hall, S.; Jacques, M. (Ed.) (1983). The Politics of Thatcherism. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
  • Hall, Stuart (2003). “Kodlama ve Kodaçım”, Söylem ve İdeoloji: Mitoloji, Din, İdeoloji (Der. Barış Çoban, Zeynep Özarslan). İstanbul: Su Yayınları, s. 322-323.
  • Hall, Stuart (1997). “İdeoloji ve İletişim Kuramı”, (Çev. A. Gürata). Medya, Kültür, Siyaset. (Der. Süleyman İrvan). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, s. 79-99.
  • Higgins, J. (1982). “Raymond Williams and the Problem of İdeology”, Boundary 2, 145-154.
  • Higgins, J. (2013). Raymond Williams: Literature, Marxism and Cultural Materialism. Routledge.
  • James, M. E. (1988). Society, Politics and Culture: Studies in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press.
  • Jessop, B;, Bonnett, K.; Bromley, S.; Ling, T. (1985). “Thatcherism and the Politics of Hegemony: A Reply to Stuart Hall”, New Left Review, 153 (1), 87-101.
  • Kachurin, P. (2012). “Working (for) the State: Vladimir Tatlin's Career in Early Soviet Russia and the Origins of The Monument to the Third International”, Modernism/modernity, 19 (1), 19-41.
  • Kellner, D. (2011). “Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture”, Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader, 3, 7-18.
  • Kellner, D. (2016). “Kültürel Marksizm ve Kültürel Çalışmalar”, (Çev. Fatih Tezcan), ETHOS: Felsefe ve Toplumsal Bilimlerde Diyaloglar, Temmuz/July 2016, 9 (2), 132-151.
  • Krampen, M. (1987). “Ferdinand de Saussure and the Development of Semiology”, Classics of Semiotics, pp. 59-88.
  • Lambier, J. (2008). “The Organismic State Against İtself: Schelling, Hegel and the Life of Right”, European Romantic Review, 19 (2), 131-137.
  • Lequenne, M. (2000). Marksizm ve Estetik, (Çev. Erhan Bener, Yiğit Bener, Aslı Aydın). İstanbul: Yazın Yayıncılık.
  • Lewis, J. (2013). The İdeological Octopus: An Exploration of Television and İts Audience. Routledge.
  • Löwy, M. (1999). Dünyayı Değiştirmek Üzerine, (Çev. Yavuz Alogan). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Löwy, M. (2009). Morning Star: Surrealism, Marxism, Anarchism, Situationism, Utopia. University of Texas Press.
  • Makus, A. (1990). “Stuart Hall's Theory of İdeology: A Frame for Rhetorical Criticism”. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54 (4), 495-514.
  • Marcuse, H. (1998). Karşı Devrim ve İsyan, (Çev. Gürol Koca, Volkan Ersoy). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Marcuse, H. (1968). Tek Boyutlu İnsan, (Çev. Seçkin Çağan). Ankara: May Yayınları.
  • Marcuse, H. (2013). Özgürlük Üzerine Bir Deneme, (Çev.Soner Sosyal). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Marx, K.; Engels, F. (2018). Tarihsel Materyalizm Üzerine Mektuplar 1890-1894, (Çev. Öner Ünalan). Ankara: Kor Kitap.
  • Marx, Karl (1993). 1844 El Yazmaları, (Çev. Kenan Somer). Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
  • Monasta, A. (2010). Antonio Gramsci. Editora Massangana.
  • Morley, D. (2003). Television, Audiences and Cultural Studies. Routledge.
  • Munns, Jessica; Rajan, Gita; Bromley, Roger (1995). A Cultural Studies Reader- History, Theory, Practice. Routledge.
  • O'Connor, A. (2006). Raymond Williams. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Procter, J. (2004). Stuart Hall. Routledge.
  • Rıfat, M. (2005). XX. Yüzyılda Dilbilim ve Göstergebilim Kuramları. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Rojek, C. (2009). “Stuart Hall on Representation and İdeology”, Media/Cultural Studies: Critical Approaches, 49-62.
  • Ruggieri, M. (2021). “Eco and Gramsci: Unexplored Connections in Cultural Studies”, Italian Studies, 76 (4), 421-435.
  • Santucci, A. A. (2010). Antonio Gramsci. NYU Press.
  • Scharf, C. B.; Scharf, C. B. (2019). Politics and Change in East Germany: An Evaluation of Socialist Democracy. Routledge.
  • Short, R. S. (1966). “The Politics of Surrealism, 1920–36”, Journal of Contemporary History, 1 (2), 3-25.
  • Simpson, D. (2000). “Raymond Williams: Literature, Marxism and Cultural Materialism”, MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly, 61 (3), 559-561.
  • Slattery, Martin (2007). Sosyolojide Temel Fikirler, (Çev. Ümit Tatlıcan, Gülhan Demiriz). Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Smith, Philip (2007). Kültürel Kuram, (Çev. Selime Güzelsarı, İbrahim Gündoğdu). İstanbul: Babil Yayınları.
  • Spiteri, R.; Lacoss, D. (Eds.) (2020). Surrealism, Politics and Culture. Routledge.
  • Surber, J. P. (2018). Culture and Critique: An İntroduction to the Critical Discourses of Cultural Studies. Routledge.
  • Taras, R. C. (2015). The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe. Routledge.
  • Turner, S. (Ed.). (2000). The Cambridge Companion to Weber. Cambridge University Press.
  • Vincent, Andrew (2006). Modern Politik İdeolojiler, (Çev. Arzu Tüfekçi). İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Volaşinov, V. N., (2001). Marksizm ve Dil Felsefesi, (Çev. Mehmet Küçük). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Wallace, J.; Jones, R.; Nield, S. (Eds.) (1997). Raymond Williams Now: Knowledge, Limits and the Future. Springer.
  • Williams, R. (1958). “Culture is Ordinary”, Schooling the Symbolic Animal: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Education.
  • Williams, R. (1977). Marxism and Literature (Vol. 392). Oxford Paperbacks.
  • Williams, R. (1991). “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory”, Rethinking popular culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies, 407-423.
  • Williams, R. (2017). Kültür ve Toplum 1780-1950, (Çev. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Wood, B. (1998). “Stuart Hall’s Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony”, The British Journal of Sociology, 49 (3), 399–414.
  • Xiu-qin, Z. (2015). “The Second and Third International Theorists and the Formation of Western Marxism- A Discussion from Perspective of Relationship Between the History of Ideas”, Teaching and Research, 49 (12), 74.

KÜLTÜREL ÇALIŞMALAR ÜZERİNDE BATI MARKSİZMİNİN ETKİSİ

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 286 - 296, 30.12.2023

Kazım Tolga Gürel

Abstract

Marksizm, birçok düşünce akımıyla yoğrulmuş bir ideolojidir. Farklı coğrafyalarda çeşitli şekillerde yönetim biçimi olarak vücut bulmuş ve kültürlerin, şekillendiği coğrafyalardaki düşünürlerin etkisiyle evrilmiştir. İşçi sınıfının doğrudan iktidara geçmediği pek çok ülkede kapitalist ülkelerdeki burjuva-demokratik yönetimlerin uygulamalarını da etkilemiş, sosyal demokrasi vb. gibi siyasi akımlar üzerinde de etkili olmuştur. Bunun dışında işçi sınıfının mücadeleleri; eğitim sisteminden sigorta sistemine, sekiz saat çalışma süresi ve tatillerden eşit oy hakkı ve anti faşist kanunlara kadar birçok uygulamayı etkilemiştir.
Siyasi açıdan neden olduğu açılımlar ve yeni perspektifler dışında sosyal bilimleri doğrudan etkileyen bir ideoloji olan Marksizm, ideolojiler açısından kültürel yapıyı en fazla etkileyen fikir dalgalarından biridir. Adorno’nun vurguladığı gibi bilim, kendisine itaatsiz olana ihtiyaç duyar ve kültürel yaşamda büyük etkileri olan nice düşünsel akımın öncüsü Marksist ya da bu perspektife yakın açılardan yaşama bakan kişilerdir. Bu çalışmada Batı Marksizminin önemli bir halkası olan İngiliz kültürel çalışmaları temsilcilerinin Marksizme etkisi ve sosyal bilimlere katkıları anlatılacaktır.

Keywords

Kültürel çalışmalar ideoloji Batı Marksizmi Ortodoks Marksizm.

References

  • Bakhtin, M. (2001). Karnavaldan Romana, (Çev. Sibel Irzık). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Barthes, Roland (2005). Göstergebilimsel Serüven, (Çev. Mehmet Rıfat, Sema Rıfat). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Bernstein, B. (1958). “Some Sociological Determinants of Perception: An Enquiry İnto Sub-cultural Differences”, The British Journal of Sociology, 9 (2), 159-174.
  • Bora, T. (2021). İnşaat Ya Resulullah. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi.
  • Bourse, M.; Yücel, H. (2017). Kültürel Çalışmaları Anlamak, (Çev. Halime Yücel). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi.
  • Brenkman, J. (1995). “Raymond Williams and Marxism”, Cultural Politics, 9, 237-267.
  • Cohen, M. (1993). Profane İllumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution (Vol. 5). Univ of California Press.
  • Connell, K. (2015). “Policing the Crisis 35 Years on”, Contemporary British History, 29 (2), 273-283.
  • Drucker, P. (2012). The New Realities. London and New York: Routledge.
  • During, S. (1999). The Cultural Studies Reader. New York & London: Routledge Publications.
  • Eagleton, T. (2013). Marxism and Literary Criticism. Routledge.
  • Erdoğan, İrfan; Alemdar, Korkmaz (1998). Başlangıcından Günümüze İletişim Kuram ve Araştırmaları. Ankara: My Yayınları.
  • Filippini, M. (2016). Using Gramsci: A New Approach. Pluto Press.
  • Fitzpatrick, S. (2007). “Revisionism in Soviet History”. History and Theory, 46 (4), 77-91.
  • Giddens, A. (2013). The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gramsci, A. (1983). Aydınlar ve Toplum, (Çev. Ferit Edgü, Vedat Günyol, Bertan Onaran). Ankara: Örnek Yayınları.
  • Gramsci, A. (1997). Hapishane Defterleri, (Çev. Adnan Cemgil). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Gramsci, A. (1998). Komünist Partiye Doğru, (Çev. Celal A. Kanat). İstanbul: Düşünce Dizisi.
  • Gramsci, A. (2005). “The İntellectuals”, Contemporary Sociological Thought–Themes and Theories, 49-58.
  • Grossberg, L.; Nelson, C.; Treichler, P. (Eds.) (2013). Cultural Studies. Routledge.
  • Güngör, Nazife (1999). Popüler Kültür ve İktidar. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Hall, S. (1980). “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society, 2, 57-72.
  • Hall, S. (1992). “Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies”, pp. 277-294.
  • Hall, S. (1999). “Encoding-decoding”, The Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, S. (2005). “Introduction to Media Studies at the Centre: Some Problematic and Problems”, Culture, Media, Language (Ed. D. Hobson. S. Hall, A. Lowe, P. Willis). Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • Hall, S.; Critcher, C.; Jefferson, T.; Clarke, J.; Roberts, B. (2017). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Hall, S.; Jacques, M. (Ed.) (1983). The Politics of Thatcherism. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
  • Hall, Stuart (2003). “Kodlama ve Kodaçım”, Söylem ve İdeoloji: Mitoloji, Din, İdeoloji (Der. Barış Çoban, Zeynep Özarslan). İstanbul: Su Yayınları, s. 322-323.
  • Hall, Stuart (1997). “İdeoloji ve İletişim Kuramı”, (Çev. A. Gürata). Medya, Kültür, Siyaset. (Der. Süleyman İrvan). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, s. 79-99.
  • Higgins, J. (1982). “Raymond Williams and the Problem of İdeology”, Boundary 2, 145-154.
  • Higgins, J. (2013). Raymond Williams: Literature, Marxism and Cultural Materialism. Routledge.
  • James, M. E. (1988). Society, Politics and Culture: Studies in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press.
  • Jessop, B;, Bonnett, K.; Bromley, S.; Ling, T. (1985). “Thatcherism and the Politics of Hegemony: A Reply to Stuart Hall”, New Left Review, 153 (1), 87-101.
  • Kachurin, P. (2012). “Working (for) the State: Vladimir Tatlin's Career in Early Soviet Russia and the Origins of The Monument to the Third International”, Modernism/modernity, 19 (1), 19-41.
  • Kellner, D. (2011). “Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture”, Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader, 3, 7-18.
  • Kellner, D. (2016). “Kültürel Marksizm ve Kültürel Çalışmalar”, (Çev. Fatih Tezcan), ETHOS: Felsefe ve Toplumsal Bilimlerde Diyaloglar, Temmuz/July 2016, 9 (2), 132-151.
  • Krampen, M. (1987). “Ferdinand de Saussure and the Development of Semiology”, Classics of Semiotics, pp. 59-88.
  • Lambier, J. (2008). “The Organismic State Against İtself: Schelling, Hegel and the Life of Right”, European Romantic Review, 19 (2), 131-137.
  • Lequenne, M. (2000). Marksizm ve Estetik, (Çev. Erhan Bener, Yiğit Bener, Aslı Aydın). İstanbul: Yazın Yayıncılık.
  • Lewis, J. (2013). The İdeological Octopus: An Exploration of Television and İts Audience. Routledge.
  • Löwy, M. (1999). Dünyayı Değiştirmek Üzerine, (Çev. Yavuz Alogan). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Löwy, M. (2009). Morning Star: Surrealism, Marxism, Anarchism, Situationism, Utopia. University of Texas Press.
  • Makus, A. (1990). “Stuart Hall's Theory of İdeology: A Frame for Rhetorical Criticism”. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54 (4), 495-514.
  • Marcuse, H. (1998). Karşı Devrim ve İsyan, (Çev. Gürol Koca, Volkan Ersoy). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Marcuse, H. (1968). Tek Boyutlu İnsan, (Çev. Seçkin Çağan). Ankara: May Yayınları.
  • Marcuse, H. (2013). Özgürlük Üzerine Bir Deneme, (Çev.Soner Sosyal). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Marx, K.; Engels, F. (2018). Tarihsel Materyalizm Üzerine Mektuplar 1890-1894, (Çev. Öner Ünalan). Ankara: Kor Kitap.
  • Marx, Karl (1993). 1844 El Yazmaları, (Çev. Kenan Somer). Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
  • Monasta, A. (2010). Antonio Gramsci. Editora Massangana.
  • Morley, D. (2003). Television, Audiences and Cultural Studies. Routledge.
  • Munns, Jessica; Rajan, Gita; Bromley, Roger (1995). A Cultural Studies Reader- History, Theory, Practice. Routledge.
  • O'Connor, A. (2006). Raymond Williams. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Procter, J. (2004). Stuart Hall. Routledge.
  • Rıfat, M. (2005). XX. Yüzyılda Dilbilim ve Göstergebilim Kuramları. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Rojek, C. (2009). “Stuart Hall on Representation and İdeology”, Media/Cultural Studies: Critical Approaches, 49-62.
  • Ruggieri, M. (2021). “Eco and Gramsci: Unexplored Connections in Cultural Studies”, Italian Studies, 76 (4), 421-435.
  • Santucci, A. A. (2010). Antonio Gramsci. NYU Press.
  • Scharf, C. B.; Scharf, C. B. (2019). Politics and Change in East Germany: An Evaluation of Socialist Democracy. Routledge.
  • Short, R. S. (1966). “The Politics of Surrealism, 1920–36”, Journal of Contemporary History, 1 (2), 3-25.
  • Simpson, D. (2000). “Raymond Williams: Literature, Marxism and Cultural Materialism”, MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly, 61 (3), 559-561.
  • Slattery, Martin (2007). Sosyolojide Temel Fikirler, (Çev. Ümit Tatlıcan, Gülhan Demiriz). Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Smith, Philip (2007). Kültürel Kuram, (Çev. Selime Güzelsarı, İbrahim Gündoğdu). İstanbul: Babil Yayınları.
  • Spiteri, R.; Lacoss, D. (Eds.) (2020). Surrealism, Politics and Culture. Routledge.
  • Surber, J. P. (2018). Culture and Critique: An İntroduction to the Critical Discourses of Cultural Studies. Routledge.
  • Taras, R. C. (2015). The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe. Routledge.
  • Turner, S. (Ed.). (2000). The Cambridge Companion to Weber. Cambridge University Press.
  • Vincent, Andrew (2006). Modern Politik İdeolojiler, (Çev. Arzu Tüfekçi). İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Volaşinov, V. N., (2001). Marksizm ve Dil Felsefesi, (Çev. Mehmet Küçük). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Wallace, J.; Jones, R.; Nield, S. (Eds.) (1997). Raymond Williams Now: Knowledge, Limits and the Future. Springer.
  • Williams, R. (1958). “Culture is Ordinary”, Schooling the Symbolic Animal: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Education.
  • Williams, R. (1977). Marxism and Literature (Vol. 392). Oxford Paperbacks.
  • Williams, R. (1991). “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory”, Rethinking popular culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies, 407-423.
  • Williams, R. (2017). Kültür ve Toplum 1780-1950, (Çev. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Wood, B. (1998). “Stuart Hall’s Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony”, The British Journal of Sociology, 49 (3), 399–414.
  • Xiu-qin, Z. (2015). “The Second and Third International Theorists and the Formation of Western Marxism- A Discussion from Perspective of Relationship Between the History of Ideas”, Teaching and Research, 49 (12), 74.
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cultural Theory
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kazım Tolga Gürel 0000-0002-1893-8887

Publication Date December 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gürel, K. T. (2023). KÜLTÜREL ÇALIŞMALAR ÜZERİNDE BATI MARKSİZMİNİN ETKİSİ. Hars Akademi Uluslararası Hakemli Kültür Sanat Mimarlık Dergisi, 6(2), 286-296.
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