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Salt, Cold, and Drought Stress on Einkorn and Bread Wheat during Germination

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 113 - 128, 15.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.543097

Abstract

Climate changes prompt salt, cold, and drought stresses especially during early crop growth stages. The damages during germination in wheat may even destroy whole crop. Here, 12 bread and 10 einkorn wheats entries were distressed under salt, cold and drought. Germination rate and germination power, coleoptile, shoot length, root length, shoot to root length ratio, root fresh and dry weight and root fresh to dry weight ratio were quantified under six salt, cold, drought stresses and one control. After ANOVA and LSD discriminated the entries, stress tolerance indices differentiated six tolerant and six susceptible entries. MANOVA, Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests finalized the stress testing. Shoot and root length, root fresh and dry weight highly differed under salt, cold and drought. Bayraktar-2000 well tolerated salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Gerek-79 salt, salt-drought, salt-cold-drought; Momtchil salt, cold and salt-cold-drought; İkizce-96 salt, drought and salt-drought. Einkorn Population 14 was susceptible to all stresses except cold and salt-cold; Population 15 to salt, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Population 11 to salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought. These stresses sharply decreased shoot and root length, root fresh and root dry weight. The higher % decreases under salt, cold and drought were in shoot (59.72, 63.25 and 23.17) and root length (32.91, 51.77 and 34.69), root fresh (44.32, 49.11 and 38.88) and root dry weight (21.63, 42.14 and 41.97). Moreover, Pillai’s trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests differentiated both characters and entries (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar-2000, Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.

References

  • [1] Dhanda, S.S., Sethi, G.S., Behl, R.K. (2004). Indices of Drought Tolerance in Wheat Genotypes at Early Stages of Plant Growth. J. Agron Crop Sci., 190, 6-12.
  • [2] Feuillet, C., Langridge, P., Waugh, R. (2007). Cereal Breeding Takes A Walk on the Wild Side. Trends Genet., 24(1), 1–32.
  • [3] Shahzad, A., Iqbal, M., Asif, M., Hirani, A.H., Goyal A. (2013). Growing Wheat on Saline Lands, Can A Dream Come True? Australian J. Crop Sci., 7, 515-524.
  • [4] Eren, H, Pekmezci, M.Y, Okay, S., Turktas, M., Inal, B., Ilhan, E., Atak, M., Erayman, M., Unver, T., Unver C.T. (2015). Hexaploid Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Root Mirnome Analysis in Response to Salt Stress. Ann Appl Biol., 167, 2-30.
  • [5] Charmet, G. (2011). Wheat Domestication: Lessons for the Future. C. R. Biologies, 334, 212-220.
  • [6] Hidalgo, A., Brandolini, A. (2013). Nutritional Properties of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). J. Sci. Food Agric., 94, 601–61.
  • [7] Sharma, H.C., Waines, J.G., Foster, W. (1981). Variability in Primitive and Wild Wheats for Useful Genetic Characters. Crop Sci., 21, 555–559.
  • [8] Kranner, I, Minibayeva, F.V., Beckett, R.P., Seal C.E., (2010). What Is Stress? Concepts, Definitions and Applications in Seed Science. Tansley Rev. New Phytol, 188, 655 - 673.
  • [9] Mehrotra, R., Bhalothia, P., Bansal, P., Basantani, M.K., Bharti, V., Mehrotra, S. (2014). Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance-Different Tiers of Regulation. J. Plant Phys., 171, 486 - 496.
  • [10] Pierik, R., Testerink, C. (2014). The Art of Being Flexible, How to Escape from The Shade, Salt, And Drought. J Plant Phys., 166, 5-22.
  • [11] Izadi, M.H., Rabbani, J., Emam, Y., Pessarakli, M., Tahmasebi, A. (2014). Effects of Salinity Stress on The Physiological Performance of Various Wheat and Barley Cultivars. J. Plant Nutr, 37, 520 - 531.
  • [12] Richter, J.E., Kopka, J., Zerb, C. (2015). Metabolic Contribution to Sal t Stress in Two Maize Hybrids with Contrasting Resistance. Plant Sci., 233, 107-115.
  • [13] Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Mahabub, A.M.D., Bhowmik, C.P., Amzad, H.M.D., Rahman, M.M., Prasad, V., Narasimha, M., Ozturk, M., Fujita M. (2014). Potential Use of Halophytes to Remediate Saline Soils. BioMed Res. Int., 1-12.
  • [14] Vardar, Y., Çifci E.A. (2014). Salinity Effects on Germination Stage of Bread and Durum Wheat Cultivars. J Yuzuncu Yıl Univ., 24, 127-139.
  • [15] Braun, H.J., Ekiz, H., Eser, V., Keser, M., Ketata, H., Marcucci, G., Morgounov, A.I., Zencirci N. (1998). Breeding Priorities of Winter Wheat Programs. In: H.-J. Braun, F. Altay, W.E. Kronstad, S.P.S. Beniwal & A. McNab, editors. Wheat, Prospects for Global Improvement. Proc. 5th Int. Wheat Conf., Ankara, Developments in Plant Breeding, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. pp 553 – 560.
  • [16] Khodabandeh, N. (2003). Cereals. Seventh Edition, Tehran University Press, pp. 78- 111.
  • [17] Mostek, A., Börner, A., Badowiec, A., Weidner, S. (2015). Alterations in Root Proteome of Salt-Sensitive and Tolerant Barley Lines under the Salt Stress Conditions. J. Plant Phys., 174, 166-176.
  • [18] Karakaş, F.P. (2016). Effects of Drought and Salinity Stress on Early Seedling Growth and Antioxidant Activity in Hulled Einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) and Bread (Triticum aestivum L.) Wheats. J. CRI for Field Crops, 25, 107-116.
  • [19] Aslan, D., Zencirci, N., Etöz, M., Ordu, B., Bataw S. (2016). Bread Wheat Responds Salt Stress Better Than Einkorn Wheat Does During Germination. Turkish J. Agric. For., 40(5), 783-794.
  • [20] Aslan, D., Ordu, B., Zencirci, N. (2016). Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) Tolerates Cold Stress Better than Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) During Germination. J. Field Crops Cent. Res. Inst., 25(2), 182-192.
  • [21] Ashraf, M., Harris P.J.C. (2013). Photosynthesis under Stressful Environments: An Overview. Photosynth, 51(2), 163-190.
  • [22] Baloch, M.J., Dunwell, J., Khakwani, A.A., Dennett, M., Jatoi, W.A., Channa S.A. (2012). Assessment of Wheat Cultivars for Drought Tolerance via Osmotic Stress Imposed at Early Seedling Growth Stages. J. Agric. Res., 50(3), 299 - 310.
  • [23] Thornley, J.M. (1998). Modelling Shoot, Root Relations, The Way Forward. Ann Bot., 81, 165-171.
  • [24] Zencirci, N., Eser, V., Baran, I. (1990). Comparison of Some Stability Statistics. CRIFC Publicaitions, Publication no, 2:17 (in Turkish).
  • [25] Gomez, K., Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons: New York, USA. pp. 680
  • [26] Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri: In: ASİL Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti., Ankara, Turkey P. 116 (SPSS applied multi-variate statistic techniques. Pg 116. ASİL Publication Casting Ltd. Co. Ankara, Turkey) [in Turkish].
  • [27] Askari, H., Kazemitabar, S.K., Zarrini, H.N., Saberi M.H. (2016). Salt Tolerance Assessment of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Open Agric., 1, 37-44.
  • [28] Oyiga, B.C., Sharma, R.C., Shen, J., Baum, M., Ogbonnaya, F.C., Leon, J., Ballvora, A. (2016). Identification and Characterization of Salt Tolerance of Wheat Germplasm Using A Multivariable Screening Approach. J Agron Crop Sci., 202, 472 - 485.
  • [29] Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., Showalter A.M. (2000). Effects of Salinity on Growth, Water Relations and Ion Accumulation of The Subtropical Perennial Halophyte, Atriplex griffithii var. stocksii. Ann. Bot., 31, 2763-2774.
  • [30] Rahman, M., Soomro, U.A., Zahoor-ul-Haq, M., Gul, S. (2008). Effects of NaCl Salinity on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. World J. Agric. Sci., 4, 398-403.
  • [31] Aslan, D., Aktaş, H., Ordu, B., Zencirci, N., (2017). Evaluation of Bread and Einkorn Wheat Under in vitro Drought Stress. The J. Animal Plant Sci. 27(6), 1974-1983.
  • [32] Mahmoodabad, R.Z., Somarin, S.J., Khayatnezhad, M., Gholamin, R. (2001). Effect of Cold Stress on Germination and Growth of Wheat Cultivars. Adv. Environ. Biol. 5, 94–97.
  • [33] Foolad, M.R., Lin, G.Y. (1997). Genetic Potential for Salt Tolerance During Germination in Lycopersicon Species. Hort. Sci., 32, 296-300.
  • [34] Foolad, M.R., Lin, G.Y. (1998). Genetic Analysis of Low Temperature Tolerance during Germination in Tomato, Lycopersicon Esculentum, Mill. Plant Breed., 117, 171-176.
  • [35] Mahmoodzadeh, H., Masoudi, F.K., Besharat, H., (2013). Impact of Salt Stress on Seed Germination Indices of Five Wheat Cultivars. Ann. Biol. Res., 4, 93-96.
  • [36] Ali, M.B., El-Sadek, A.N. (2016). Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under the Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions. Commun Biometry Crop Sci., 11, 77 - 89.

Salt, Cold, and Drought Stress on Einkorn and Bread Wheat during Germination

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 113 - 128, 15.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.543097

Abstract

Climate
changes prompt salt, cold, and drought stresses especially during early crop
growth stages. The damages during germination in wheat may even destroy whole
crop. Here, 12 bread and 10 einkorn wheats entries were distressed under salt,
cold and drought.  Germination rate and
germination power, coleoptile, shoot length, root length, shoot to root length
ratio, root fresh and dry weight and root fresh to dry weight ratio were
quantified under six salt, cold, drought stresses and one control. After ANOVA
and LSD discriminated the entries, stress tolerance indices differentiated six
tolerant and six susceptible entries. MANOVA, Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda
tests finalized the stress testing. Shoot and root length, root fresh and dry
weight highly differed under salt, cold and drought. Bayraktar-2000 well
tolerated salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Gerek-79 salt,
salt-drought, salt-cold-drought; Momtchil salt, cold and salt-cold-drought;
İkizce-96 salt, drought and salt-drought. Einkorn Population 14 was susceptible
to all stresses except cold and salt-cold; Population 15 to salt, salt-drought
and salt-cold-drought; Population 11 to salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought.
These stresses sharply decreased shoot and root length, root fresh and root dry
weight. The higher % decreases under salt, cold and drought were in shoot
(59.72, 63.25 and 23.17) and root length (32.91, 51.77 and 34.69), root fresh
(44.32, 49.11 and 38.88) and root dry weight (21.63, 42.14 and 41.97).
Moreover, Pillai’s trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests differentiated both characters
and entries (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar-2000,
Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.

References

  • [1] Dhanda, S.S., Sethi, G.S., Behl, R.K. (2004). Indices of Drought Tolerance in Wheat Genotypes at Early Stages of Plant Growth. J. Agron Crop Sci., 190, 6-12.
  • [2] Feuillet, C., Langridge, P., Waugh, R. (2007). Cereal Breeding Takes A Walk on the Wild Side. Trends Genet., 24(1), 1–32.
  • [3] Shahzad, A., Iqbal, M., Asif, M., Hirani, A.H., Goyal A. (2013). Growing Wheat on Saline Lands, Can A Dream Come True? Australian J. Crop Sci., 7, 515-524.
  • [4] Eren, H, Pekmezci, M.Y, Okay, S., Turktas, M., Inal, B., Ilhan, E., Atak, M., Erayman, M., Unver, T., Unver C.T. (2015). Hexaploid Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Root Mirnome Analysis in Response to Salt Stress. Ann Appl Biol., 167, 2-30.
  • [5] Charmet, G. (2011). Wheat Domestication: Lessons for the Future. C. R. Biologies, 334, 212-220.
  • [6] Hidalgo, A., Brandolini, A. (2013). Nutritional Properties of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). J. Sci. Food Agric., 94, 601–61.
  • [7] Sharma, H.C., Waines, J.G., Foster, W. (1981). Variability in Primitive and Wild Wheats for Useful Genetic Characters. Crop Sci., 21, 555–559.
  • [8] Kranner, I, Minibayeva, F.V., Beckett, R.P., Seal C.E., (2010). What Is Stress? Concepts, Definitions and Applications in Seed Science. Tansley Rev. New Phytol, 188, 655 - 673.
  • [9] Mehrotra, R., Bhalothia, P., Bansal, P., Basantani, M.K., Bharti, V., Mehrotra, S. (2014). Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance-Different Tiers of Regulation. J. Plant Phys., 171, 486 - 496.
  • [10] Pierik, R., Testerink, C. (2014). The Art of Being Flexible, How to Escape from The Shade, Salt, And Drought. J Plant Phys., 166, 5-22.
  • [11] Izadi, M.H., Rabbani, J., Emam, Y., Pessarakli, M., Tahmasebi, A. (2014). Effects of Salinity Stress on The Physiological Performance of Various Wheat and Barley Cultivars. J. Plant Nutr, 37, 520 - 531.
  • [12] Richter, J.E., Kopka, J., Zerb, C. (2015). Metabolic Contribution to Sal t Stress in Two Maize Hybrids with Contrasting Resistance. Plant Sci., 233, 107-115.
  • [13] Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Mahabub, A.M.D., Bhowmik, C.P., Amzad, H.M.D., Rahman, M.M., Prasad, V., Narasimha, M., Ozturk, M., Fujita M. (2014). Potential Use of Halophytes to Remediate Saline Soils. BioMed Res. Int., 1-12.
  • [14] Vardar, Y., Çifci E.A. (2014). Salinity Effects on Germination Stage of Bread and Durum Wheat Cultivars. J Yuzuncu Yıl Univ., 24, 127-139.
  • [15] Braun, H.J., Ekiz, H., Eser, V., Keser, M., Ketata, H., Marcucci, G., Morgounov, A.I., Zencirci N. (1998). Breeding Priorities of Winter Wheat Programs. In: H.-J. Braun, F. Altay, W.E. Kronstad, S.P.S. Beniwal & A. McNab, editors. Wheat, Prospects for Global Improvement. Proc. 5th Int. Wheat Conf., Ankara, Developments in Plant Breeding, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. pp 553 – 560.
  • [16] Khodabandeh, N. (2003). Cereals. Seventh Edition, Tehran University Press, pp. 78- 111.
  • [17] Mostek, A., Börner, A., Badowiec, A., Weidner, S. (2015). Alterations in Root Proteome of Salt-Sensitive and Tolerant Barley Lines under the Salt Stress Conditions. J. Plant Phys., 174, 166-176.
  • [18] Karakaş, F.P. (2016). Effects of Drought and Salinity Stress on Early Seedling Growth and Antioxidant Activity in Hulled Einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) and Bread (Triticum aestivum L.) Wheats. J. CRI for Field Crops, 25, 107-116.
  • [19] Aslan, D., Zencirci, N., Etöz, M., Ordu, B., Bataw S. (2016). Bread Wheat Responds Salt Stress Better Than Einkorn Wheat Does During Germination. Turkish J. Agric. For., 40(5), 783-794.
  • [20] Aslan, D., Ordu, B., Zencirci, N. (2016). Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) Tolerates Cold Stress Better than Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) During Germination. J. Field Crops Cent. Res. Inst., 25(2), 182-192.
  • [21] Ashraf, M., Harris P.J.C. (2013). Photosynthesis under Stressful Environments: An Overview. Photosynth, 51(2), 163-190.
  • [22] Baloch, M.J., Dunwell, J., Khakwani, A.A., Dennett, M., Jatoi, W.A., Channa S.A. (2012). Assessment of Wheat Cultivars for Drought Tolerance via Osmotic Stress Imposed at Early Seedling Growth Stages. J. Agric. Res., 50(3), 299 - 310.
  • [23] Thornley, J.M. (1998). Modelling Shoot, Root Relations, The Way Forward. Ann Bot., 81, 165-171.
  • [24] Zencirci, N., Eser, V., Baran, I. (1990). Comparison of Some Stability Statistics. CRIFC Publicaitions, Publication no, 2:17 (in Turkish).
  • [25] Gomez, K., Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons: New York, USA. pp. 680
  • [26] Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri: In: ASİL Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti., Ankara, Turkey P. 116 (SPSS applied multi-variate statistic techniques. Pg 116. ASİL Publication Casting Ltd. Co. Ankara, Turkey) [in Turkish].
  • [27] Askari, H., Kazemitabar, S.K., Zarrini, H.N., Saberi M.H. (2016). Salt Tolerance Assessment of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Open Agric., 1, 37-44.
  • [28] Oyiga, B.C., Sharma, R.C., Shen, J., Baum, M., Ogbonnaya, F.C., Leon, J., Ballvora, A. (2016). Identification and Characterization of Salt Tolerance of Wheat Germplasm Using A Multivariable Screening Approach. J Agron Crop Sci., 202, 472 - 485.
  • [29] Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., Showalter A.M. (2000). Effects of Salinity on Growth, Water Relations and Ion Accumulation of The Subtropical Perennial Halophyte, Atriplex griffithii var. stocksii. Ann. Bot., 31, 2763-2774.
  • [30] Rahman, M., Soomro, U.A., Zahoor-ul-Haq, M., Gul, S. (2008). Effects of NaCl Salinity on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. World J. Agric. Sci., 4, 398-403.
  • [31] Aslan, D., Aktaş, H., Ordu, B., Zencirci, N., (2017). Evaluation of Bread and Einkorn Wheat Under in vitro Drought Stress. The J. Animal Plant Sci. 27(6), 1974-1983.
  • [32] Mahmoodabad, R.Z., Somarin, S.J., Khayatnezhad, M., Gholamin, R. (2001). Effect of Cold Stress on Germination and Growth of Wheat Cultivars. Adv. Environ. Biol. 5, 94–97.
  • [33] Foolad, M.R., Lin, G.Y. (1997). Genetic Potential for Salt Tolerance During Germination in Lycopersicon Species. Hort. Sci., 32, 296-300.
  • [34] Foolad, M.R., Lin, G.Y. (1998). Genetic Analysis of Low Temperature Tolerance during Germination in Tomato, Lycopersicon Esculentum, Mill. Plant Breed., 117, 171-176.
  • [35] Mahmoodzadeh, H., Masoudi, F.K., Besharat, H., (2013). Impact of Salt Stress on Seed Germination Indices of Five Wheat Cultivars. Ann. Biol. Res., 4, 93-96.
  • [36] Ali, M.B., El-Sadek, A.N. (2016). Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under the Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions. Commun Biometry Crop Sci., 11, 77 - 89.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nusret Zencirci 0000-0003-3460-7575

Hakan Ulukan 0000-0003-0203-6851

Bülent Ordu This is me 0000-0002-3103-9325

Didem Aslan This is me 0000-0001-6747-2852

Hakan Tahiri Mutlu 0000-0002-8964-2696

Mehmet Örgeç 0000-0002-9446-7538

Publication Date July 15, 2019
Submission Date January 3, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Zencirci, N., Ulukan, H., Ordu, B., Aslan, D., et al. (2019). Salt, Cold, and Drought Stress on Einkorn and Bread Wheat during Germination. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(2), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.543097
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite

e-ISSN: 2148-6905