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Assessment of genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 86 - 105, 26.03.2023

Suliman Zommita Gülgez Gökçe Yıldız Nusret Zencirci Özlem Özbek Ömer Can Ünüvar Ercan Selçuk Ünlü

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1084853

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate genetic diversity in 48 einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) landraces grown in agricultural areas of Bolu and Kastamonu. Therefore, variation in seven agro-morphological traits was investigated. Agro-morphological traits such as leaf weight (mg), coleoptile length (cm), root number (n), root length (cm), fresh root weight (mg), and dry root weight (mg) were examined by the coefficient of variation, ANOVA, and principal components analysis. The highest coefficient of variation (%) was observed in fresh root weight (FRW = 52.09%), while the lowest was in leaf weight (LW = 8.9%). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was calculated as 76.93% variation in two main components. For molecular characterization, data obtained with iSSR primers were analyzed with the population genetics analysis program PopGene (ver. 1.32). According to PopGene results, the mean number of alleles, the mean number of effective alleles, and average genetic diversity values were calculated as na = 2, nea = 1.33, and h = 0.13, respectively. Among the agro-morphological traits, germination power, root number, and coleoptile length appeared to be reliable traits. The results show that the use of morphological characters alone for genetic diversity in populations is not sufficient to determine the difference between populations and their genetic structure.

Keywords

Agro-Morphological traits Einkorn Wheat Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum iSSR Wheat landraces

Supporting Institution

Bolu Abant zzet Baysal University

References

  • Abdel-Aal, E.-S.M., Hucl, P., Sosulski, F.W., & Bhirud, P.R. (1997). Kernel, Milling and Baking Properties of Spring-Type Spelt and Einkorn Wheats. Journal of Cereal Science, 26(3), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1997.0139
  • Aslan, D., Ordu, B., Göre, M.E., Akin, B., & Zencirci, N. (2018). Germination Stage Water Scarcity in Bread and Einkorn Wheat. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21566/tarbitderg.436371
  • Bavec, F., & Bavec, M. (2006). Organic Production and Use of Alternative Crops. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420017427
  • Butnaru, G., Sarac, I., Blidar, A., Holly, L., & Mar, I. (2003). Morpho-Agronomic variability of Triticum monococcum L. land races in the Timisoara area. In VIIth International Symposium Interdisciplinary Regional Research-ISIRR 2003 Hungary–Serbia & Montenegro–Romania, 359. http://annals.fih.upt.ro/pdf/ISIRR-2003-S04.pdf#page=65
  • Castagna, R., Borghi, B., Di Fonzo, N., Heun, M., & Salamini, F. (1995). Yield and related traits of einkorn (T. monococcum ssp. monococcum) in different environments. European Journal of Agronomy, 4(3), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(14)80038-5
  • Desheva, G.N., Kyosev, B., & Deshev, M. (2020). Assessment genetic diversity of einkorn genotypes (Triticum monococcum L.) by gliadin electrophoresis. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 116(2), 327. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.116.2.1430
  • Empilli, S., Castagna, R., & Brandolini, A. (2000). Morpho-agronomic variability of the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 36–40. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&lr=&id= EugPlBNki4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA36&dq=Empilli,+S.,+Castagna,+R.,+%26+Brandolini,+A.+(2000).+Morpho agronomic+variability+of+the+diploid+wheat+Triticum+monococcum+L.+Plant+Genetic+Resources+Newsletter,+36%E2%80%9340.&ots=hWbD1reYGO&sig=V_kafSG9wZI8iZFZ56vtW636rK0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Eslami Farouji, A., Khodayari, H., Saeidi, H., & Rahiminejad, M.R. (2015). Genetic diversity of diploid Triticum species in Iran assessed using inter-retroelement amplified polymorphisms (IRAP) markers. Biologia, 70(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2015-0002
  • Fritsch, R., Hammer, K., & Szabo, A.T. (1996). [Ethnobiodiversity: human diversity and plant genetic diversity in the evolution of crop plants. Part 1].[English); De (German]. Schriftenreihe Des Information SzentrumsfuerGenetischeRessourcen (Germany), 4.
  • Goto, F., Tsutsumi, T., & Ogawa, K. (2011). The Japanese version of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory as an index of treatment success: Exploratory factor analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 131(8), 817–825. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2011.565423
  • Guzy, M.R., Ehdaie, B., & Waines, J.G. (1989). Yield and Its Components in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats in Diverse Environments. Annals of Botany, 64(6), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087888
  • Insee (Website) (2016). Coefficient of variation / CV - Definition. https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1366. Access date 02.03.2022
  • Jackson, D.A. (1993). Stopping Rules in Principal Components Analysis: A Comparison of Heuristical and Statistical Approaches. Ecology, 74(8), 2204 2214. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939574
  • Karagöz, A., & Zencirci, N. (2005). Variation in Wheat (Triticum spp.) Landraces from Different Altitudes of Three Regions of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 52(6), 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-004-3556-3
  • Keskin, S., Özbek, Ö., Eser, V., & Göçmen, B. (2015). Polymorphism in seed endosperm proteins (gliadins and glutenins) of Turkish cultivated einkorn wheat [Triticum monococcum ssp.monococcum] landraces. Cereal Research Communications, 43(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.2014.0028
  • Kidwell, K.K., & Osborn, T.C. (1992). Simple plant DNA isolation procedures. In Plant Genomes: Methods for Genetic and Physical Mapping (pp. 1–13). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2442-3_1
  • Le Corre, V., & Bernard, M. (1995). Assessment of the type and degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in diploid species of the genus Triticum. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 90(7–8), 1063–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00222922
  • Løje, H., Møller, B., Laustsen, A. M., & Hansen, Å. (2003). Chemical Composition, Functional Properties and Sensory Profiling of Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.). Journal of Cereal Science, 37(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2002.0498
  • Malaki, M., Naghavi, M.R., Alizadeh, H., Potki, P., Kazemi, M., Pirseyedi, S.M., ... & Fakhr, T. (2006). Study of genetic variation in wild diploid wheat (Triticum boeoticum) from Iran using AFLP markers. IJB-Iranian Journal of Biotechnology; 4(4), 269-274
  • Mizumoto, K., Hirosawa, S., Nakamura, C., & Takumi, S. (2002). Nuclear and chloroplast genome genetic diversity in the wild einkorn wheat, Triticum urartu, revealed by AFLP and SSLP analyses. Hereditas, 137(3), 208 214. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601 5223.2002.01654.x
  • Naghavi, M.R., Mardi, M., Pirseyedi, S.M., Kazemi, M., Potki, P., & Ghaffari, M.R. (2007). Comparison of genetic variation among accessions of Aegilops tauschii using AFLP and SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54(2), 237–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9143-z
  • Nei, M. (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70(12), 3321–3323. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.70.12.3321
  • O’Grady, K.E. (1982). Measures of explained variance: Cautions and limitations. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.766
  • Özbek, Ö., Göçmen, B., Keskin Ş., S., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2012). High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit variation in Turkish emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298(9), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0680-y
  • Özbek, Ö., Göçmen, B., Keskin Ş., S., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2013). Genetic characterization of Turkish cultivated emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces based on isoenzyme analysis. Cereal Research Communications, 41(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.2013.0001
  • Özbek, Ö., Taşkın, B.G., Şan, S.K., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2011). Gliadin polymorphism in Turkish cultivated emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 296(12), 121 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0481-8
  • Ozbek, Ö., Zencirci, N. (2021). Characterization of genetic diversity in cultivated einkorn wheat [Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum] landrace populations from Turkey as revealed by ISSR. Russian Journal of Genetics, 57(4).
  • Özberk, İ., Atay, S., Altay, F., Cabi, E., Özkan, H., & Atlı, A. (2016). Türkiye’nin buğday atlası. İstanbul: WWF-Türkiye. 5-84.
  • Sharma, R.K. (1984). Book reviews : Barbara Harriss, State and Market: State Intervention in Agricultural Exchange in a Dry Region of Tamil Nadu, South India, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1984, 375 pp. The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 21(4), 521–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468402100409
  • Troccoli, A., & Codianni, P. (2005). Appropriate seeding rate for einkorn, emmer, and spelt grown under rainfed condition in southern Italy. European Journal of Agronomy, 22(3), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.04.003
  • Ünal, S. (2002). Importance of wheat quality and methods in wheat quality determination. Hububat Ürünleri Teknolojisi Kongre ve Sergisi, 25–37.
  • Ünlü, E.S., Bataw, S., Aslan Şen, D., Şahin, Y., & Zencirci, N. (2018). Identification of conserved miRNA molecules in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum) by using small RNA sequencing analysis. Turkish Journal of Biology = Turk Biyoloji Dergisi, 42(6), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1802-3
  • Yeh, F.C., Yang, R.C., Boyle, T., Ye, Z.H., Mao, J.X. (1997). POPGENE (version 1.32): The user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Alberta, Canada, 10, 295-301.
  • Zencirci, N., Yılmaz, H., Garaybayova, N., Karagöz, A., Kilian, B., Özkan, H., Hammer, K., & Knüpffer, H. (2018). Mirza (Hacızade) Gökgöl (1897–1981): the great explorer of wheat genetic resources in Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(3), 693–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0606-9
  • Zencirci, N., Ulukan, H., Bülent, O.R.D.U., Aslan, D., Mutlu, H.T., & Örgeç, M. (2019). Salt, cold, and drought stress on einkorn and bread wheat during germination. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(2), 113-128.
  • Zeven, A.C. (1999). The traditional inexplicable replacement of seed and seed ware of landraces and cultivars: A review. Euphytica, 110, 181–191.

Assessment of genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 86 - 105, 26.03.2023

Suliman Zommita Gülgez Gökçe Yıldız Nusret Zencirci Özlem Özbek Ömer Can Ünüvar Ercan Selçuk Ünlü

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1084853

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate genetic diversity in 48 einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) landraces grown in agricultural areas of Bolu and Kastamonu. Therefore, variation in seven agro-morphological traits was investigated. Agro-morphological traits such as leaf weight (mg), coleoptile length (cm), root number (n), root length (cm), fresh root weight (mg), and dry root weight (mg) were examined by the coefficient of variation, ANOVA, and principal components analysis. The highest coefficient of variation (%) was observed in fresh root weight (FRW = 52.09%), while the lowest was in leaf weight (LW = 8.9%). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was calculated as 76.93% variation in two main components. For molecular characterization, data obtained with iSSR primers were analyzed with the population genetics analysis program PopGene (ver. 1.32). According to PopGene results, the mean number of alleles, the mean number of effective alleles, and average genetic diversity values were calculated as na = 2, nea = 1.33, and h = 0.13, respectively. Among the agro-morphological traits, germination power, root number, and coleoptile length appeared to be reliable traits. The results show that the use of morphological characters alone for genetic diversity in populations is not sufficient to determine the difference between populations and their genetic structure.

Keywords

Agro-Morphological traits Einkorn Wheat Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum iSSR Wheat landraces

References

  • Abdel-Aal, E.-S.M., Hucl, P., Sosulski, F.W., & Bhirud, P.R. (1997). Kernel, Milling and Baking Properties of Spring-Type Spelt and Einkorn Wheats. Journal of Cereal Science, 26(3), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1997.0139
  • Aslan, D., Ordu, B., Göre, M.E., Akin, B., & Zencirci, N. (2018). Germination Stage Water Scarcity in Bread and Einkorn Wheat. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21566/tarbitderg.436371
  • Bavec, F., & Bavec, M. (2006). Organic Production and Use of Alternative Crops. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420017427
  • Butnaru, G., Sarac, I., Blidar, A., Holly, L., & Mar, I. (2003). Morpho-Agronomic variability of Triticum monococcum L. land races in the Timisoara area. In VIIth International Symposium Interdisciplinary Regional Research-ISIRR 2003 Hungary–Serbia & Montenegro–Romania, 359. http://annals.fih.upt.ro/pdf/ISIRR-2003-S04.pdf#page=65
  • Castagna, R., Borghi, B., Di Fonzo, N., Heun, M., & Salamini, F. (1995). Yield and related traits of einkorn (T. monococcum ssp. monococcum) in different environments. European Journal of Agronomy, 4(3), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(14)80038-5
  • Desheva, G.N., Kyosev, B., & Deshev, M. (2020). Assessment genetic diversity of einkorn genotypes (Triticum monococcum L.) by gliadin electrophoresis. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 116(2), 327. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.116.2.1430
  • Empilli, S., Castagna, R., & Brandolini, A. (2000). Morpho-agronomic variability of the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 36–40. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&lr=&id= EugPlBNki4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA36&dq=Empilli,+S.,+Castagna,+R.,+%26+Brandolini,+A.+(2000).+Morpho agronomic+variability+of+the+diploid+wheat+Triticum+monococcum+L.+Plant+Genetic+Resources+Newsletter,+36%E2%80%9340.&ots=hWbD1reYGO&sig=V_kafSG9wZI8iZFZ56vtW636rK0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Eslami Farouji, A., Khodayari, H., Saeidi, H., & Rahiminejad, M.R. (2015). Genetic diversity of diploid Triticum species in Iran assessed using inter-retroelement amplified polymorphisms (IRAP) markers. Biologia, 70(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2015-0002
  • Fritsch, R., Hammer, K., & Szabo, A.T. (1996). [Ethnobiodiversity: human diversity and plant genetic diversity in the evolution of crop plants. Part 1].[English); De (German]. Schriftenreihe Des Information SzentrumsfuerGenetischeRessourcen (Germany), 4.
  • Goto, F., Tsutsumi, T., & Ogawa, K. (2011). The Japanese version of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory as an index of treatment success: Exploratory factor analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 131(8), 817–825. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2011.565423
  • Guzy, M.R., Ehdaie, B., & Waines, J.G. (1989). Yield and Its Components in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats in Diverse Environments. Annals of Botany, 64(6), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087888
  • Insee (Website) (2016). Coefficient of variation / CV - Definition. https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1366. Access date 02.03.2022
  • Jackson, D.A. (1993). Stopping Rules in Principal Components Analysis: A Comparison of Heuristical and Statistical Approaches. Ecology, 74(8), 2204 2214. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939574
  • Karagöz, A., & Zencirci, N. (2005). Variation in Wheat (Triticum spp.) Landraces from Different Altitudes of Three Regions of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 52(6), 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-004-3556-3
  • Keskin, S., Özbek, Ö., Eser, V., & Göçmen, B. (2015). Polymorphism in seed endosperm proteins (gliadins and glutenins) of Turkish cultivated einkorn wheat [Triticum monococcum ssp.monococcum] landraces. Cereal Research Communications, 43(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.2014.0028
  • Kidwell, K.K., & Osborn, T.C. (1992). Simple plant DNA isolation procedures. In Plant Genomes: Methods for Genetic and Physical Mapping (pp. 1–13). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2442-3_1
  • Le Corre, V., & Bernard, M. (1995). Assessment of the type and degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in diploid species of the genus Triticum. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 90(7–8), 1063–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00222922
  • Løje, H., Møller, B., Laustsen, A. M., & Hansen, Å. (2003). Chemical Composition, Functional Properties and Sensory Profiling of Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.). Journal of Cereal Science, 37(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2002.0498
  • Malaki, M., Naghavi, M.R., Alizadeh, H., Potki, P., Kazemi, M., Pirseyedi, S.M., ... & Fakhr, T. (2006). Study of genetic variation in wild diploid wheat (Triticum boeoticum) from Iran using AFLP markers. IJB-Iranian Journal of Biotechnology; 4(4), 269-274
  • Mizumoto, K., Hirosawa, S., Nakamura, C., & Takumi, S. (2002). Nuclear and chloroplast genome genetic diversity in the wild einkorn wheat, Triticum urartu, revealed by AFLP and SSLP analyses. Hereditas, 137(3), 208 214. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601 5223.2002.01654.x
  • Naghavi, M.R., Mardi, M., Pirseyedi, S.M., Kazemi, M., Potki, P., & Ghaffari, M.R. (2007). Comparison of genetic variation among accessions of Aegilops tauschii using AFLP and SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54(2), 237–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9143-z
  • Nei, M. (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70(12), 3321–3323. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.70.12.3321
  • O’Grady, K.E. (1982). Measures of explained variance: Cautions and limitations. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.766
  • Özbek, Ö., Göçmen, B., Keskin Ş., S., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2012). High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit variation in Turkish emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298(9), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0680-y
  • Özbek, Ö., Göçmen, B., Keskin Ş., S., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2013). Genetic characterization of Turkish cultivated emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces based on isoenzyme analysis. Cereal Research Communications, 41(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.2013.0001
  • Özbek, Ö., Taşkın, B.G., Şan, S.K., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2011). Gliadin polymorphism in Turkish cultivated emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 296(12), 121 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0481-8
  • Ozbek, Ö., Zencirci, N. (2021). Characterization of genetic diversity in cultivated einkorn wheat [Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum] landrace populations from Turkey as revealed by ISSR. Russian Journal of Genetics, 57(4).
  • Özberk, İ., Atay, S., Altay, F., Cabi, E., Özkan, H., & Atlı, A. (2016). Türkiye’nin buğday atlası. İstanbul: WWF-Türkiye. 5-84.
  • Sharma, R.K. (1984). Book reviews : Barbara Harriss, State and Market: State Intervention in Agricultural Exchange in a Dry Region of Tamil Nadu, South India, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1984, 375 pp. The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 21(4), 521–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468402100409
  • Troccoli, A., & Codianni, P. (2005). Appropriate seeding rate for einkorn, emmer, and spelt grown under rainfed condition in southern Italy. European Journal of Agronomy, 22(3), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.04.003
  • Ünal, S. (2002). Importance of wheat quality and methods in wheat quality determination. Hububat Ürünleri Teknolojisi Kongre ve Sergisi, 25–37.
  • Ünlü, E.S., Bataw, S., Aslan Şen, D., Şahin, Y., & Zencirci, N. (2018). Identification of conserved miRNA molecules in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum) by using small RNA sequencing analysis. Turkish Journal of Biology = Turk Biyoloji Dergisi, 42(6), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1802-3
  • Yeh, F.C., Yang, R.C., Boyle, T., Ye, Z.H., Mao, J.X. (1997). POPGENE (version 1.32): The user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Alberta, Canada, 10, 295-301.
  • Zencirci, N., Yılmaz, H., Garaybayova, N., Karagöz, A., Kilian, B., Özkan, H., Hammer, K., & Knüpffer, H. (2018). Mirza (Hacızade) Gökgöl (1897–1981): the great explorer of wheat genetic resources in Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(3), 693–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0606-9
  • Zencirci, N., Ulukan, H., Bülent, O.R.D.U., Aslan, D., Mutlu, H.T., & Örgeç, M. (2019). Salt, cold, and drought stress on einkorn and bread wheat during germination. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(2), 113-128.
  • Zeven, A.C. (1999). The traditional inexplicable replacement of seed and seed ware of landraces and cultivars: A review. Euphytica, 110, 181–191.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Suliman Zommita 0000-0002-8701-176X

Gülgez Gökçe Yıldız 0000-0002-4095-6619

Nusret Zencirci 0000-0003-3460-7575

Özlem Özbek This is me 0000-0002-7683-4197

Ömer Can Ünüvar This is me 0000-0001-8711-6169

Ercan Selçuk Ünlü 0000-0003-0097-1125

Publication Date March 26, 2023
Submission Date March 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zommita, S., Yıldız, G. G., Zencirci, N., Özbek, Ö., et al. (2023). Assessment of genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 10(1), 86-105. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1084853
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite

e-ISSN: 2148-6905