Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 34 - 54, 27.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.932316

Abstract

References

  • Akbulut, Y., Sendag, S., Birinci, G., Kilicer, K., Sahin, M. C., & Odabasi, H. F. (2008). Exploring the types and reasons of Internet-triggered academic dishonesty among Turkish undergraduate students: Development of Internet-Triggered Academic Dishonesty Scale (ITADS). Computers & Education, 51, 463–473.
  • Amigud, A. and Lancaster, T. (2019). 246 reasons to cheat: An analysis of students’ reasons for seeking to outsource academic work. Computers & Education, 134, 98-107.
  • Bilen, E., & Matros, A. (2020). Online cheating amid COVID-19. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 182, 196-211.
  • Bista, K. K. (2011). 12: Academic dishonesty among international students in higher education. To improve the academy, 30(1), 159-172.
  • Blau, I., Goldberg, S., Friedman, A., & Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2021). Violation of digital and analog academic integrity through the eyes of faculty members and students: Do institutional role and technology change ethical perspectives?. Journal of computing in higher education, 33(1), 157-187.
  • Bretag, T. (2007). The emperor's new clothes: Yes, there is a link between English language competence and academic standards. People and Place, 15(1), 13.
  • Bretag, T. (2016). Defining academic integrity–international perspectives: Introduction. In T. Bretag (Ed), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 3-5). Springer. 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8
  • Bretag, T., Harper, R., Burton, M., Ellis, C., Newton, P., Rozenberg, P., Saddiqui, S. & van Haeringen, K. (2019). Contract cheating: a survey of Australian university students. Studies in Higher Education, 44(11), 1837-1856.
  • Burgason, K.A., Sefiha, O., & Briggs, L.T. (2019). Cheating is in the Eye of the Beholder: an Evolving Understanding of Academic Misconduct. Innovative Higher Education, 44, 203-218.
  • Clarke, R., & Lancaster, T. (2006). Eliminating the successor to plagiarism? Identifying the usage of contract cheating sites. In Proceedings of 2nd international plagiarism conference, 1-13. Northumbria Learning Press.
  • Clifford, J., Merschel, L., & Munné, J. (2013). Surveying the landscape: what is the role of machine translation in language learning?. @ tic. revista d'innovació educativa, (10), 108-121.
  • Clifford, J., Merschel, L., & Munné, J. (2013). Surveying the landscape: what is the role of machine translation in language learning?. @ tic. revista d'innovació educativa, (10), 108-121.
  • Corrigan-Gibbs, H., Gupta, N., Northcutt, C., Cutrell, E., & Thies, W. (2015). Deterring cheating in online environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 22(6), 1-23.
  • Curtis, G. J., & Clare, J. (2017). How prevalent is contract cheating and to what extent are students repeat offenders?. Journal of Academic Ethics, 15(2), 115-124.
  • Dendir, S., & Maxwell, R. S. (2020). Cheating in online courses: Evidence from online proctoring. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2, 100033.
  • Ellis, C., van Haeringen, K., Harper, R., Bretag, T., Zucker, I., McBride, S., ... & Saddiqui, S. (2020). Does authentic assessment assure academic integrity? Evidence from contract cheating data. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(3), 454-469.
  • Fask, A., Englander, F., & Wang, Z. (2014). Do online exams facilitate cheating? An experiment designed to separate possible cheating from the effect of the online test taking environment. Journal of Academic Ethics, 12(2), 101-112.
  • Goh, E. (2015). Exploring underlying motivations behind extreme cases of plagiarism in tourism and hospitality education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(2), 80-84.
  • Golden, J., & Kohlbeck, M. (2020). Addressing cheating when using test bank questions in online Classes. Journal of Accounting Education, 52, 100671.
  • Groves, M., & Mundt, K. (2021). A ghostwriter in the machine? Attitudes of academic staff towards machine translation use in internationalised Higher Education. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 50, 100957.
  • Groves, M., & Mundt, K. (2021). A ghostwriter in the machine? Attitudes of academic staff towards machine translation use in internationalised Higher Education. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 50, 100957.
  • Harmon, O. R., Lambrinos, J., & Buffolino, J. (2010). Assessment design and cheating risk in online instruction. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 13(3).
  • Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause review, 27, 1-12.
  • International Center for Academic Integrity (ICAI) (2016). “Institutional Toolkit to Address Contract Cheating.” Accessed 13 March 2021. http://integrity.fiu.edu/pdfs/Contract%20Cheating.pdf
  • International Center for Academic Integrity (ICAI). (2021). The fundamental values of academic integrity (3rd ed.). https://www.academicintegrity.org/the-fundamental-values-of-academic-integrity/
  • Lancaster, T., & Cotarlan, C. (2021). Contract cheating by STEM students through a file sharing website: a Covid-19 pandemic perspective. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 17(1), 1-16.
  • Lederman, D. (2020). Is technology the best way to stop online cheating? No, experts say: better teaching is. Inside Higher Ed. Insidehighered.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021, from https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2020/07/22/technology-best-way-stop-online-cheating-no-experts-say-better.
  • Li, M., Luo, L., Sikdar, S., Nizam, N. I., Gao, S., Shan, H., ... & Wang, G. (2021). Optimized collusion prevention for online exams during social distancing. npj Science of Learning, 6(1), 1-9.
  • Morris, E. J. (2018). Academic integrity matters: five considerations for addressing contract cheating. International journal for educational integrity, 14(1), 1-12.
  • Mundt, K., & Groves, M. (2016). A double-edged sword: the merits and the policy implications of Google Translate in higher education. European Journal of Higher Education, 6(4), 387-401.
  • Newton, D. (2020). Another problem with shifting education online: A rise in cheating. The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 March 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/another-problem-with-shifting-education-online-a-rise-in-cheating/2020/08/07/1284c9f6-d762-11ea-aff6-220dd3a14741_story.html.
  • Osipov, I. V., Prasikova, A. Y., & Volinsky, A. A. (2015). Participant behavior and content of the online foreign languages learning and teaching platform. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 476-488.
  • Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2018). Understanding the Relationship between Language Ability and Plagiarism in Non-native English Speaking Business Students. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(4), 317-328.
  • Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2020). Reducing plagiarism through academic misconduct education. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 16(1), 1-15.
  • Rundle, K., Curtis, G. J., & Clare, J. (2019). Why students do not engage in contract cheating. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2229.
  • Seeland, J., Stoesz, B. M., & Vogt, L. (2020). Preventing online shopping for completed assessments: Protecting students by blocking access to contract cheating websites on institutional networks. Canadian Perspectives on Academic Integrity, 3(1), 55-69.
  • Sheard, J., & Dick, M. (2003). Influences on cheating practice of graduate students in IT courses: what are the factors?. In Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education (pp. 45-49).
  • Sotiriadou, P., Logan, D., Daly, A., & Guest, R. (2020). The role of authentic assessment to preserve academic integrity and promote skill development and employability. Studies in Higher Education, 45(11), 2132-2148.
  • Stickler, U., Hampel, R., & Emke, M. (2020). A developmental framework for online language teaching skills. Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(1), In-press.
  • Thomas, J. & Scott, J. (2016). UK perspectives of academic integrity. In T. Bretag (Ed), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 39-53). Singapore: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8
  • Vonderwell, S., Liang, X., & Alderman, K. (2007). Asynchronous discussions and assessment in online learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 39(3), 309-328.
  • Wiley. (2020). Is Student Cheating on the Rise? How You Can Discourage it in Your Classroom. www.wiley.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022, from https://www.wiley.com/network/instructors-students/covid-19-online-teaching-resources-1/is-student-cheating-on-the-rise-how-you-can-discourage-it-in-your-classroom.
  • Wuensch, K. L., Aziz, S., Ozan, E., Kishore, M., & Tabrizi, M. (2006). Pedagogical characteristics of online and face-to-face classes. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 2422-2429). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).

Violations of and threats to academic integrity in online English language teaching

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 34 - 54, 27.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.932316

Abstract

The move to online teaching has brought with it fresh opportunities for students to violate academic integrity. This paper considers such violations from within the domain of online English language teaching, although many of the ideas presented are applicable to other disciplines. The paper reports on a two-part study conducted at a university in Turkey. In the first part, qualitative data collected from students and staff through an online survey form were used to identify a new way of categorizing academic integrity violations. This provided three such categories, namely; exam-related, assignment-related, and online session-related violations. In the second part of the study, 462 students completed a survey related to their attitudes towards both academic integrity violations and the associated threats that may lead to these violations. Although the results revealed students generally presenting a commitment to the fundamental values of academic integrity, many students showed willingness to engage with machine translation software to prepare answers at times when they were expected to be working unaided. The findings underline a need for further consideration about how students are taught and assessed with integrity in an online environment. They also suggest that nuanced discussions about academic integrity need to take place between students and English language teachers.

References

  • Akbulut, Y., Sendag, S., Birinci, G., Kilicer, K., Sahin, M. C., & Odabasi, H. F. (2008). Exploring the types and reasons of Internet-triggered academic dishonesty among Turkish undergraduate students: Development of Internet-Triggered Academic Dishonesty Scale (ITADS). Computers & Education, 51, 463–473.
  • Amigud, A. and Lancaster, T. (2019). 246 reasons to cheat: An analysis of students’ reasons for seeking to outsource academic work. Computers & Education, 134, 98-107.
  • Bilen, E., & Matros, A. (2020). Online cheating amid COVID-19. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 182, 196-211.
  • Bista, K. K. (2011). 12: Academic dishonesty among international students in higher education. To improve the academy, 30(1), 159-172.
  • Blau, I., Goldberg, S., Friedman, A., & Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2021). Violation of digital and analog academic integrity through the eyes of faculty members and students: Do institutional role and technology change ethical perspectives?. Journal of computing in higher education, 33(1), 157-187.
  • Bretag, T. (2007). The emperor's new clothes: Yes, there is a link between English language competence and academic standards. People and Place, 15(1), 13.
  • Bretag, T. (2016). Defining academic integrity–international perspectives: Introduction. In T. Bretag (Ed), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 3-5). Springer. 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8
  • Bretag, T., Harper, R., Burton, M., Ellis, C., Newton, P., Rozenberg, P., Saddiqui, S. & van Haeringen, K. (2019). Contract cheating: a survey of Australian university students. Studies in Higher Education, 44(11), 1837-1856.
  • Burgason, K.A., Sefiha, O., & Briggs, L.T. (2019). Cheating is in the Eye of the Beholder: an Evolving Understanding of Academic Misconduct. Innovative Higher Education, 44, 203-218.
  • Clarke, R., & Lancaster, T. (2006). Eliminating the successor to plagiarism? Identifying the usage of contract cheating sites. In Proceedings of 2nd international plagiarism conference, 1-13. Northumbria Learning Press.
  • Clifford, J., Merschel, L., & Munné, J. (2013). Surveying the landscape: what is the role of machine translation in language learning?. @ tic. revista d'innovació educativa, (10), 108-121.
  • Clifford, J., Merschel, L., & Munné, J. (2013). Surveying the landscape: what is the role of machine translation in language learning?. @ tic. revista d'innovació educativa, (10), 108-121.
  • Corrigan-Gibbs, H., Gupta, N., Northcutt, C., Cutrell, E., & Thies, W. (2015). Deterring cheating in online environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 22(6), 1-23.
  • Curtis, G. J., & Clare, J. (2017). How prevalent is contract cheating and to what extent are students repeat offenders?. Journal of Academic Ethics, 15(2), 115-124.
  • Dendir, S., & Maxwell, R. S. (2020). Cheating in online courses: Evidence from online proctoring. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2, 100033.
  • Ellis, C., van Haeringen, K., Harper, R., Bretag, T., Zucker, I., McBride, S., ... & Saddiqui, S. (2020). Does authentic assessment assure academic integrity? Evidence from contract cheating data. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(3), 454-469.
  • Fask, A., Englander, F., & Wang, Z. (2014). Do online exams facilitate cheating? An experiment designed to separate possible cheating from the effect of the online test taking environment. Journal of Academic Ethics, 12(2), 101-112.
  • Goh, E. (2015). Exploring underlying motivations behind extreme cases of plagiarism in tourism and hospitality education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(2), 80-84.
  • Golden, J., & Kohlbeck, M. (2020). Addressing cheating when using test bank questions in online Classes. Journal of Accounting Education, 52, 100671.
  • Groves, M., & Mundt, K. (2021). A ghostwriter in the machine? Attitudes of academic staff towards machine translation use in internationalised Higher Education. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 50, 100957.
  • Groves, M., & Mundt, K. (2021). A ghostwriter in the machine? Attitudes of academic staff towards machine translation use in internationalised Higher Education. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 50, 100957.
  • Harmon, O. R., Lambrinos, J., & Buffolino, J. (2010). Assessment design and cheating risk in online instruction. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 13(3).
  • Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause review, 27, 1-12.
  • International Center for Academic Integrity (ICAI) (2016). “Institutional Toolkit to Address Contract Cheating.” Accessed 13 March 2021. http://integrity.fiu.edu/pdfs/Contract%20Cheating.pdf
  • International Center for Academic Integrity (ICAI). (2021). The fundamental values of academic integrity (3rd ed.). https://www.academicintegrity.org/the-fundamental-values-of-academic-integrity/
  • Lancaster, T., & Cotarlan, C. (2021). Contract cheating by STEM students through a file sharing website: a Covid-19 pandemic perspective. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 17(1), 1-16.
  • Lederman, D. (2020). Is technology the best way to stop online cheating? No, experts say: better teaching is. Inside Higher Ed. Insidehighered.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021, from https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2020/07/22/technology-best-way-stop-online-cheating-no-experts-say-better.
  • Li, M., Luo, L., Sikdar, S., Nizam, N. I., Gao, S., Shan, H., ... & Wang, G. (2021). Optimized collusion prevention for online exams during social distancing. npj Science of Learning, 6(1), 1-9.
  • Morris, E. J. (2018). Academic integrity matters: five considerations for addressing contract cheating. International journal for educational integrity, 14(1), 1-12.
  • Mundt, K., & Groves, M. (2016). A double-edged sword: the merits and the policy implications of Google Translate in higher education. European Journal of Higher Education, 6(4), 387-401.
  • Newton, D. (2020). Another problem with shifting education online: A rise in cheating. The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 March 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/another-problem-with-shifting-education-online-a-rise-in-cheating/2020/08/07/1284c9f6-d762-11ea-aff6-220dd3a14741_story.html.
  • Osipov, I. V., Prasikova, A. Y., & Volinsky, A. A. (2015). Participant behavior and content of the online foreign languages learning and teaching platform. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 476-488.
  • Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2018). Understanding the Relationship between Language Ability and Plagiarism in Non-native English Speaking Business Students. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(4), 317-328.
  • Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2020). Reducing plagiarism through academic misconduct education. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 16(1), 1-15.
  • Rundle, K., Curtis, G. J., & Clare, J. (2019). Why students do not engage in contract cheating. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2229.
  • Seeland, J., Stoesz, B. M., & Vogt, L. (2020). Preventing online shopping for completed assessments: Protecting students by blocking access to contract cheating websites on institutional networks. Canadian Perspectives on Academic Integrity, 3(1), 55-69.
  • Sheard, J., & Dick, M. (2003). Influences on cheating practice of graduate students in IT courses: what are the factors?. In Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education (pp. 45-49).
  • Sotiriadou, P., Logan, D., Daly, A., & Guest, R. (2020). The role of authentic assessment to preserve academic integrity and promote skill development and employability. Studies in Higher Education, 45(11), 2132-2148.
  • Stickler, U., Hampel, R., & Emke, M. (2020). A developmental framework for online language teaching skills. Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(1), In-press.
  • Thomas, J. & Scott, J. (2016). UK perspectives of academic integrity. In T. Bretag (Ed), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 39-53). Singapore: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8
  • Vonderwell, S., Liang, X., & Alderman, K. (2007). Asynchronous discussions and assessment in online learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 39(3), 309-328.
  • Wiley. (2020). Is Student Cheating on the Rise? How You Can Discourage it in Your Classroom. www.wiley.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022, from https://www.wiley.com/network/instructors-students/covid-19-online-teaching-resources-1/is-student-cheating-on-the-rise-how-you-can-discourage-it-in-your-classroom.
  • Wuensch, K. L., Aziz, S., Ozan, E., Kishore, M., & Tabrizi, M. (2006). Pedagogical characteristics of online and face-to-face classes. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 2422-2429). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özgür Çelik 0000-0002-0300-9073

Thomas Lancaster This is me 0000-0002-1534-7547

Publication Date June 27, 2021
Submission Date May 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, Ö., & Lancaster, T. (2021). Violations of and threats to academic integrity in online English language teaching. The Literacy Trek, 7(1), 34-54. https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.932316

Creative Commons License The content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright rests with the author; The Literacy Trek must be referred properly.