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Perception of Spirituality among Substance Addicts with Incarceration Experience: A Phenomenological Study

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 201 - 218, 15.10.2019

Abstract

This paper examines the role of spirituality in a recovery context by drawing on qualitative research conducted at a residential recovery community in North Wales, United Kingdom. The study aimed to examine perceptions of spirituality among ex-prisoners and people identifying as in recovery from addiction. The researchers explored ideas of “spiritual coping” and “spiritual wellbeing” in terms of meaning, purpose, connectedness, forgiveness, and peace in addiction treatment programs influenced by 12-Step models, for instance, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Also, this paper focuses on both spiritual counseling services shaped by pre-determined meanings and values and secondly, on individuals’ perceptions about spirituality through the language of desires, needs, and expectations. The data for this research produced from five semi-structured interviews with male individuals who had recovered from their addiction and had practised some custodial life. To discover the common context of different perceptions of the language spirituality, the data was coded by the first and second loop encodings from the data analysis methods used. The central schemes that appear as “Spirituality in Experiences, Spirituality in Values, Spirituality as Meaning/Purpose of Life, Spirituality as Attachment, Spirituality as Coping Mechanism" have been evaluated within the framework of the concept of spirituality. In the conclusion of this study, it was observed that spirituality was used as a coping mechanism for buffering the sensation of hopelessness and powerlessness often experienced by people in active addiction.

References

  • Al-Anon, F. G. (2015). Courage to Change. London: Al-Anon Family Group Head Inc. Alcoholics Anonymous. (2014). The Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous. New York City: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. Baltaci, A. (2018). Nitel Araştırmalarda Örnekleme Yöntemleri ve Örnek Hacmi Sorunsalı Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme [A Conceptual Review of Sampling Methods and Sample Size Problems in Qualitative Research]. Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences, 231-274. Booth, L. (1987). Alcoholism and the fourth and fifth steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 269-274. Breslin, K. T., Reed, M. R., & Malone, S. B. (2011). An Holistic Approach to Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 247-251. Casey, E. S. (2009). Remembering: A phenomenological study. Indiana University Press. Cook, C. C. (2004). Addiction and spirituality. Addiction, 539-551. Cook, C. C., Powell, A., & Sims, A. (Eds.). (2009). Spirituality and Psychiatry. London: RCPsych Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: SAGE. CSARS Group. (2018, 4 4). Retrieved from CSARS Group: http://csarsg.org.uk/impact-and-outputs-from-the-higher-power-project/ Culliford, L. (2011). The Psychology of Spirituality. London: Jessica Kingslay Publishes. Culliford, L., & Eagger, S. (2009). Assessing spiritual needs. In Spirituality and Psychiatry (pp. 16-38). London: RCPsych Publications. DiClemente, C. C. (2018). Addiction and Change. New York: The Guilford Press. Dossett, W. (2013). Addiction, spirituality and 12-Step programmes. International Social Work, 56(3), 369-383. Dossett, W. (2015). Reflections on the Language of Salvation in Twelve Step Recovery. In H. Bacon, W. Dossett, & S. Knowles (Eds.), Alternative Salvations (pp. 21-30). Bloomsbury. Dossett, W. (2017). A daily reprieve contingent on the maintenance of our spiritual condition. Addiction, 112, 942-943. Fuller, R. C. (2001). Spiritual, But Not Religious. Oxford Universty Press. Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., Bunt, G., Williams, C., Trujillo, M., & Steinke, P. (2007). Assessment of spirituality and its relevance to addiction treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33, 257-264. Graham, M. D., McDonald, M. J., & Klaassen, D. W. (2008). A Phenomenological Analysis of Spiritual Seeking: Listening to Quester Voices. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(2), 146-163. Greene, G., & Nguyen, T. D. (2012). The Role of Connectedness in Relation to Spirituality and Religion in a Twelve-Step Model. Review of European Studies, 179-187. Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Studies. Evidence Based Nursing, 18(3), 66-67. Heelas, P., Woodhead, L., Seel, B., Szerszynski, B., & Tusting, K. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality. Blackwell. Horvath, A. T., & Velten, E. (2000). Smart Recovery: Addiction Recovery Support from a Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 18(3), 181-191. Irudayadason, N. A. (2018). Exploring the Nexus Between Spirituality and Health. MOJ Yoga & Physical Therapy, 34-38. Isaac, K., Hay, J., & Lubetkin, E. (2016). Incorporating Spirituality in Primary Care. Relig Health, 1065-1077. Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., Magill, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Pagano, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in Recovery: A Lagged Mediational Analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous’ Principal Theoretical Mechanism of Behavior Change. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(3), 454-463. Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Li, E. C., Feifer, C., & Strohm, M. (2000). A pilot study: Locus of control and spiritual beliefs in alcoholics anonymous and smart recovery members. Addictive Behaviors, 633-640. Manning, L. K. (2012). Spirituality as a lived experience: Exploring the essence of spirituality for women in late life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 75(2), 95-113. Matthew D. Graham, M. J. (2008). A Phenomenological Analysis of Spiritual Seeking: Listening to Quester Voices. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 146-163. Mizikaci, F. (2015). Değerler Eğitimi ve Eğitim Programları [Values Education and Education Programs ]. Eleştirel Pedagoji, 3-8. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. London: SAGE. Narcotics Anonymous. (2018). Retrieved 4 3, 2018, from www.ukna.org North Wales Recovery Community. (2018). Retrieved 4 3, 2019, from http://www.nwrc.info/www.nwrc.info/index.html Ozdogan, O. (2009). Isimsiz Hayatlar [Anonymous Lives]. Ankara: Lotus. Pnina, S., & Jonathan, A. S. (2009). Alcohol and the self: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of addiction and its impact on the sense of self and identity. Addiction Research and Theory, 152-167. Poole, R., & Higgo, R. (2006). Psychiatric interviewing and assessment. Cambridge University Press. Roman, C. G., Wolff, A., Correa, V., & Buck, J. (2007). Assessing Intermediate Outcomes of a Faith-Based Residential Prisoner Reentry Program. Research on Social Work Practice, 199-215. Schwartz, S. H., & Sagie, G. (2000). Value consensus and importance: A cross-national study. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 31(4), 465-497. Shinebourne, P., & Smith, J. A. (2011). Images of addiction and recovery: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of addiction and recovery as expressed in visual images. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 18(5), 313-322. Sims, A., & Cook, C. C. (2009). Spirituality in psychiatry. In C. Cook, A. Powell, & A. Sims (Eds.), Spirituality and psychiatry. The Higher Power Project. (2018, 4 4). Retrieved from The Higher Power Project: https://www1.chester.ac.uk/theology-and-religious-studies/research/higher-power-project Tonigan, J. S., N., R. K., & McCrady, B. S. (2013). Spirituality as a Change Mechanism in 12- Step Programs: A Replication, Extension, and Refinement. Substance Use & Misuse, 1161–1173. Watts, R. P. (2012). The lived experience of a spiritual transformation in the everyday lives of alcoholic men new to recovery: A phenomenological study. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University. Vandivier, A. M. (2015). The lived-experience of spiritual awakening for members of alcoholics anonymous with long-term sobriety: A phenomenological study. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University. WHO, W. H. (2004). Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and. World Health Organization. Williamson, W. P., & Hood, R. W. (2013). Spiritual Transformation: A Phenomenological Study Among Recovering Substance Abusers. Pastoral Psychol, 889-906. Woodhead, L. (2010). Real Religion And Fuzzy Spirituality? Taking Sides In The Sociology Of Religion. In S. Aupers (Ed.), Religions of Modernity. Brill. Wright, V. L. (2003). A Phenomenological Exploration of Spirituality Among African American Women Recovering From Substance Abuse. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 173-185.

Cezaevi Deneyimi Olan Madde Bağımlılarının Maneviyat Algısı: Fenomenolojik bir Çalışma

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 201 - 218, 15.10.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Birleşik Krallık sınırlarında bulunan Kuzey Galler'deki bağımlılık rehabilitasyon merkezinde yürütülen nitel araştırmalardan da yararlanılarak maneviyatın iyileşme sürecindeki rolünü incelemektedir. Çalışma, önceki yaşamında hüküm giymiş olup aktif olarak bağımlılık tedavisi gören bireyler arasındaki maneviyat algılarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmacılar, 12 adım geleneğini esas alan Adsız Alkolikler (AA) gibi bağımlılık tedavi programlarından etkilenen bireylerin anlam, amaç, bağlılık, affetme ve huzur gibi “dini/manevi başa çıkma” ve “manevi iyi oluş” ile ilgili fikirlerini araştırdılar. Ayrıca, bu makale hem önceden belirlenmiş, anlam ve değerlerle şekillendirilmiş manevi bakım hizmetlerine; hem de bireylerin istek, ihtiyaç ve beklentileri çerçevesinde kullandıkları dile ilişkin maneviyat algılarına odaklanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın verileri, bağımlılıklarından kurtulmuş ve bazı gözaltı deneyimleri yaşamış erkek bireylerle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış beş görüşmeden elde edilmiştir. Maneviyat diline ilişkin farklı algıların ortak bağlamını keşfetmek için veriler, veri analizi yöntemlerinden birinci ve ikinci döngü kodlamaları ile kodlanmıştır. “Deneyimlerdeki Maneviyat, Değerlerde Maneviyat, Yaşamın Anlamı / Amacı Olarak Maneviyat, Bağlanma Olarak Maneviyat, Başa Çıkma Mekanizması Olarak Maneviyat” olarak ortaya çıkan merkezi şemalar, maneviyat kavramı çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, maneviyatın, aktif olarak bağımlı olan bireyler tarafından sıklıkla, yaşadığı umutsuzluk ve güçsüzlük hissini tamponlamak için bir baş etme mekanizması olarak kullanıldığı gözlenmiştir.

References

  • Al-Anon, F. G. (2015). Courage to Change. London: Al-Anon Family Group Head Inc. Alcoholics Anonymous. (2014). The Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous. New York City: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. Baltaci, A. (2018). Nitel Araştırmalarda Örnekleme Yöntemleri ve Örnek Hacmi Sorunsalı Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme [A Conceptual Review of Sampling Methods and Sample Size Problems in Qualitative Research]. Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences, 231-274. Booth, L. (1987). Alcoholism and the fourth and fifth steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 269-274. Breslin, K. T., Reed, M. R., & Malone, S. B. (2011). An Holistic Approach to Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 247-251. Casey, E. S. (2009). Remembering: A phenomenological study. Indiana University Press. Cook, C. C. (2004). Addiction and spirituality. Addiction, 539-551. Cook, C. C., Powell, A., & Sims, A. (Eds.). (2009). Spirituality and Psychiatry. London: RCPsych Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: SAGE. CSARS Group. (2018, 4 4). Retrieved from CSARS Group: http://csarsg.org.uk/impact-and-outputs-from-the-higher-power-project/ Culliford, L. (2011). The Psychology of Spirituality. London: Jessica Kingslay Publishes. Culliford, L., & Eagger, S. (2009). Assessing spiritual needs. In Spirituality and Psychiatry (pp. 16-38). London: RCPsych Publications. DiClemente, C. C. (2018). Addiction and Change. New York: The Guilford Press. Dossett, W. (2013). Addiction, spirituality and 12-Step programmes. International Social Work, 56(3), 369-383. Dossett, W. (2015). Reflections on the Language of Salvation in Twelve Step Recovery. In H. Bacon, W. Dossett, & S. Knowles (Eds.), Alternative Salvations (pp. 21-30). Bloomsbury. Dossett, W. (2017). A daily reprieve contingent on the maintenance of our spiritual condition. Addiction, 112, 942-943. Fuller, R. C. (2001). Spiritual, But Not Religious. Oxford Universty Press. Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., Bunt, G., Williams, C., Trujillo, M., & Steinke, P. (2007). Assessment of spirituality and its relevance to addiction treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33, 257-264. Graham, M. D., McDonald, M. J., & Klaassen, D. W. (2008). A Phenomenological Analysis of Spiritual Seeking: Listening to Quester Voices. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(2), 146-163. Greene, G., & Nguyen, T. D. (2012). The Role of Connectedness in Relation to Spirituality and Religion in a Twelve-Step Model. Review of European Studies, 179-187. Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Studies. Evidence Based Nursing, 18(3), 66-67. Heelas, P., Woodhead, L., Seel, B., Szerszynski, B., & Tusting, K. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality. Blackwell. Horvath, A. T., & Velten, E. (2000). Smart Recovery: Addiction Recovery Support from a Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 18(3), 181-191. Irudayadason, N. A. (2018). Exploring the Nexus Between Spirituality and Health. MOJ Yoga & Physical Therapy, 34-38. Isaac, K., Hay, J., & Lubetkin, E. (2016). Incorporating Spirituality in Primary Care. Relig Health, 1065-1077. Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., Magill, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Pagano, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in Recovery: A Lagged Mediational Analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous’ Principal Theoretical Mechanism of Behavior Change. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(3), 454-463. Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Li, E. C., Feifer, C., & Strohm, M. (2000). A pilot study: Locus of control and spiritual beliefs in alcoholics anonymous and smart recovery members. Addictive Behaviors, 633-640. Manning, L. K. (2012). Spirituality as a lived experience: Exploring the essence of spirituality for women in late life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 75(2), 95-113. Matthew D. Graham, M. J. (2008). A Phenomenological Analysis of Spiritual Seeking: Listening to Quester Voices. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 146-163. Mizikaci, F. (2015). Değerler Eğitimi ve Eğitim Programları [Values Education and Education Programs ]. Eleştirel Pedagoji, 3-8. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. London: SAGE. Narcotics Anonymous. (2018). Retrieved 4 3, 2018, from www.ukna.org North Wales Recovery Community. (2018). Retrieved 4 3, 2019, from http://www.nwrc.info/www.nwrc.info/index.html Ozdogan, O. (2009). Isimsiz Hayatlar [Anonymous Lives]. Ankara: Lotus. Pnina, S., & Jonathan, A. S. (2009). Alcohol and the self: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of addiction and its impact on the sense of self and identity. Addiction Research and Theory, 152-167. Poole, R., & Higgo, R. (2006). Psychiatric interviewing and assessment. Cambridge University Press. Roman, C. G., Wolff, A., Correa, V., & Buck, J. (2007). Assessing Intermediate Outcomes of a Faith-Based Residential Prisoner Reentry Program. Research on Social Work Practice, 199-215. Schwartz, S. H., & Sagie, G. (2000). Value consensus and importance: A cross-national study. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 31(4), 465-497. Shinebourne, P., & Smith, J. A. (2011). Images of addiction and recovery: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of addiction and recovery as expressed in visual images. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 18(5), 313-322. Sims, A., & Cook, C. C. (2009). Spirituality in psychiatry. In C. Cook, A. Powell, & A. Sims (Eds.), Spirituality and psychiatry. The Higher Power Project. (2018, 4 4). Retrieved from The Higher Power Project: https://www1.chester.ac.uk/theology-and-religious-studies/research/higher-power-project Tonigan, J. S., N., R. K., & McCrady, B. S. (2013). Spirituality as a Change Mechanism in 12- Step Programs: A Replication, Extension, and Refinement. Substance Use & Misuse, 1161–1173. Watts, R. P. (2012). The lived experience of a spiritual transformation in the everyday lives of alcoholic men new to recovery: A phenomenological study. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University. Vandivier, A. M. (2015). The lived-experience of spiritual awakening for members of alcoholics anonymous with long-term sobriety: A phenomenological study. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University. WHO, W. H. (2004). Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and. World Health Organization. Williamson, W. P., & Hood, R. W. (2013). Spiritual Transformation: A Phenomenological Study Among Recovering Substance Abusers. Pastoral Psychol, 889-906. Woodhead, L. (2010). Real Religion And Fuzzy Spirituality? Taking Sides In The Sociology Of Religion. In S. Aupers (Ed.), Religions of Modernity. Brill. Wright, V. L. (2003). A Phenomenological Exploration of Spirituality Among African American Women Recovering From Substance Abuse. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 173-185.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research
Authors

İsa Ceylan 0000-0002-6163-5689

Liam Metcalf-white This is me

Publication Date October 15, 2019
Submission Date July 19, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ceylan, İ., & Metcalf-white, L. (2019). Perception of Spirituality among Substance Addicts with Incarceration Experience: A Phenomenological Study. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 4(3), 201-218.