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Effects of COVID-19 on Anxiety and Prenatal Attachment in Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 6, 475 - 483, 29.04.2024

Figen Türk Düdükcü Hilal Kurt Sezer Elifsena Canan Alp

https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1329170

Abstract

Objective: The study aims to examine the effects of COVID-19 on anxiety and prenatal attachment during pregnancy and related factors.
Method: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional and correlational case-control study. The research was carried out in a medical faculty hospital in Central Anatolia. In the study, 68 pregnant women formed the case group, 69 pregnant women in the control group. Research data were collected between February 2021 and June 2021 using the Introductory Information Form, State Anxiety Inventory, and Prenatal Attachment Scale. Statistics mean ± standard; minimum and maximum values were given as Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Student's t-test, One-way ANOVA analysis of variance, and Linear Regression analysis. The significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Ethics committee approval and consent of the pregnant women were obtained to conduct the study.
Findings: The mean prenatal attachment score of the case group was 59.75±11.99, and the mean state anxiety score was 49.82±10.04. The mean prenatal attachment score of the control group was 35.28±11.68, and the mean state anxiety score was 62.28±9.07. It was found that there was a significant negative correlation between prenatal attachment and state anxiety levels in the case group (p=0.000), and a very strong and significant negative correlation between prenatal attachment and state anxiety levels in the control group (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The anxiety level of the case group is quite high. As state anxiety level increases, prenatal attachment level decreases. Nurses should provide support by providing more counseling and care to pregnant women in situations that ambiguously endanger the health of the mother and baby, such as COVID-19.

Keywords

pregnancy anxiety prenatal attachment COVID-19 nursing

References

  • Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet, 2020;395(10226), 809-815.
  • Crouse Quinn, S. Crisis and emergency risk communication in a pandemic: a model for building capacity and resilience of minority communities. Health Promot Pract 2008;9(4 Suppl):18S–25S.https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908324022.
  • Chen J, Qi T, Liu L, Ling Y, Qian Z, Li T, et al. Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e1-e6. PMID: 32171869; PMCID: PMC7102530.
  • Mappa I, Distefano FA, Rizzo G. Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med. 2020;28;48(6):545-550. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0182. PMID: 32598320.
  • Ding, XX, Wu, YL, Xu, SJ, Zhu, RP, Jia, XM, Zhang, SF, et al.. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord 2014;159:103–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.027.
  • Alhusen JL, Gross D, Hayat MJ, Rose L, Sharps PW. The role of mental helath on maternal fetal attachment in low income women. Journal of Obtetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2012;41(6):71-81.
  • Yılmaz Dereli S. Prenatal Anne - Bebek Bağlanması. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi 2013;10 (3): 28-33.
  • Rodriquez CM, Tucker MC. Behind the cycle of violence, beyond abuse history: a brief report on the association of parental attachment to physical child abuse potential. Violence Vict 2011; 26(2):246-256.
  • Siddiqui A, Hagglöf B. Does maternal prenatal attachment predict postnatal mother-infant interaction? Early Human Development. 2000;59(1):13-25.
  • Şener S, Karacan E. Anne - Bebek- Çocuk Etkileşiminde Olumlu ve Olumsuz Özellikler. Ed: Kişi A. Ben Hasta Değilim - Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıklarının Psikososyal Yönü. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, 1999; s.35-44.
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1983). Durumluk ve sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Yılmaz S, Beji NK. Prenatal Bağlanma Envanteri’nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2013;16, 2, 103-109.
  • Arslan, F. C., & Uzun, Ş. Hemşirenin Postnatal Eğitim ve Danışmanlık Hizmetlerinin İncelenmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 2008;28, 736-742.
  • Napoli, A., Lamis, D. A., Berardelli, I., Canzonetta, V., Sarubbi, S., Rogante, E., . . . Pompili, M. Anxiety, Prenatal Attachment, and Depressive Symptoms in Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020;17(2). doi:10.3390/ijerph17020425.
  • Abbasoglu, A., Varnali, H., Tekindal, M. A., & Pala, H. G. Being a mother under the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Evaluation of perinatal anxiety, prenatal attachment, and maternal-infant attachment. Am J Perinatol. 2022; doi:10.1055/a-1884-1260.
  • López-Morales, H., Del Valle, M. V., Canet-Juric, L., Andrés, M. L., Galli, J. I., Poó, F., & Urquijo, S. Mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res, 2021;295, 113567. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113567.
  • Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Duan, C., Li, C., Fan, J., . . . Huang, H. F. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020;223(2), 240.e241-240.e249. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009.
  • Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord, 2020;277, 5-13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126.
  • Saccone, G., Florio, A., Aiello, F., Venturella, R., De Angelis, M. C., Locci, M., . . . Di Spiezio Sardo, A. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020;223(2), 293-295. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003.
  • Zimerman, A. Conceptualizing prenatal attachment: Toward a multidimensional view. Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, 2003;18(2), 109.
  • Branjerdporn, G., Meredith, P., Strong, J., & Garcia, J. Associations Between Maternal-Foetal Attachment and Infant Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Matern Child Health J, 2017;21(3), 540-553. doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2138-2.
  • Trombetta, T., Giordano, M., Santoniccolo, F., Vismara, L., Della Vedova, A. M., & Rollè, L. Pre-natal Attachment and Parent-To-Infant Attachment: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol, 2021;12, 620942. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620942
  • Hart, R., & McMahon, C. Mood state and psychological adjustment to pregnancy. Archives of women’s mental health, 2006;9, 329-337. doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0141-0.
  • Hopkins, J., Miller, J. L., Butler, K., Gibson, L., Hedrick, L., & Boyle, DA. The relation between social support, anxiety and distress symptoms and maternal fetal attachment. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 2018;36(4), 381-392. doi:10.1080/02646838.2018.1466385.

COVID-19'un Gebelikte Kaygı ve Prenatal Bağlanma Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Vaka Kontrol Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 6, 475 - 483, 29.04.2024

Figen Türk Düdükcü Hilal Kurt Sezer Elifsena Canan Alp

https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1329170

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışma, COVID-19’un gebelikte kaygı ve prenatal bağlanma üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Çalışma, kesitsel bir vaka kontrol çalışması olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, Orta Anadolu'da bulunan bir tıp fakültesi hastanesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada vaka grubunu 68 gebe, kontrol grubunu 69 gebe oluşturdu. Araştırma verileri Şubat 2021-Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Durumluk Kaygı Envanteri ve Prenatal Bağlanma Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. İstatistikler ortalama, standart sapma, minimum ve maksimum değerler, Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı, Student's t-testi, One-way ANOVA varyans analizi ve Lineer Regresyon analizi olarak verildi. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edildi. Çalışmanın yapılabilmesi için gebelerin etik kurul onayı ve katılımcı onamları alındı.
Bulgular: Vaka grubunun prenatal bağlanma puan ortalaması 59,75±11,99, durumluk kaygı puan ortalaması ise 49,82±10,04 bulundu. Kontrol grubunun prenatal bağlanma puan ortalaması 35,28±11,68, durumluk kaygı puan ortalaması ise 62,28±9,07 bulundu. Vaka grubunun prenatal bağlanma ve durumluk kaygı düzeyleri arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu (p=0,001), kontrol grubunun ise prenatal bağlanma ve durumluk kaygı düzeyleri arasında negatif yönde çok güçlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu (p=0,001) bulundu. Vaka ve kontrol grubunda durumluk kaygı düzeyi, bağlanma düzeyini negatif yönde anlamlı olarak yordamaktadır (p<0,001).
Sonuç: Vaka grubunun kaygı düzeyi oldukça yüksekti. Durumluk kaygı düzeyi arttıkça doğum öncesi bağlanma düzeyi azalmaktaydı. Hemşireler, COVID-19 gibi anne ve bebeğin sağlığını belirsiz bir şekilde tehlikeye atan durumlarda gebelere daha fazla danışmanlık ve bakım sağlayarak destek sağlamalıdır.

Keywords

gebelik kaygı prenatal bağlanma COVID-19 hemşirelik

References

  • Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet, 2020;395(10226), 809-815.
  • Crouse Quinn, S. Crisis and emergency risk communication in a pandemic: a model for building capacity and resilience of minority communities. Health Promot Pract 2008;9(4 Suppl):18S–25S.https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908324022.
  • Chen J, Qi T, Liu L, Ling Y, Qian Z, Li T, et al. Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e1-e6. PMID: 32171869; PMCID: PMC7102530.
  • Mappa I, Distefano FA, Rizzo G. Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med. 2020;28;48(6):545-550. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0182. PMID: 32598320.
  • Ding, XX, Wu, YL, Xu, SJ, Zhu, RP, Jia, XM, Zhang, SF, et al.. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord 2014;159:103–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.027.
  • Alhusen JL, Gross D, Hayat MJ, Rose L, Sharps PW. The role of mental helath on maternal fetal attachment in low income women. Journal of Obtetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2012;41(6):71-81.
  • Yılmaz Dereli S. Prenatal Anne - Bebek Bağlanması. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi 2013;10 (3): 28-33.
  • Rodriquez CM, Tucker MC. Behind the cycle of violence, beyond abuse history: a brief report on the association of parental attachment to physical child abuse potential. Violence Vict 2011; 26(2):246-256.
  • Siddiqui A, Hagglöf B. Does maternal prenatal attachment predict postnatal mother-infant interaction? Early Human Development. 2000;59(1):13-25.
  • Şener S, Karacan E. Anne - Bebek- Çocuk Etkileşiminde Olumlu ve Olumsuz Özellikler. Ed: Kişi A. Ben Hasta Değilim - Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıklarının Psikososyal Yönü. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, 1999; s.35-44.
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1983). Durumluk ve sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Yılmaz S, Beji NK. Prenatal Bağlanma Envanteri’nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2013;16, 2, 103-109.
  • Arslan, F. C., & Uzun, Ş. Hemşirenin Postnatal Eğitim ve Danışmanlık Hizmetlerinin İncelenmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 2008;28, 736-742.
  • Napoli, A., Lamis, D. A., Berardelli, I., Canzonetta, V., Sarubbi, S., Rogante, E., . . . Pompili, M. Anxiety, Prenatal Attachment, and Depressive Symptoms in Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020;17(2). doi:10.3390/ijerph17020425.
  • Abbasoglu, A., Varnali, H., Tekindal, M. A., & Pala, H. G. Being a mother under the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Evaluation of perinatal anxiety, prenatal attachment, and maternal-infant attachment. Am J Perinatol. 2022; doi:10.1055/a-1884-1260.
  • López-Morales, H., Del Valle, M. V., Canet-Juric, L., Andrés, M. L., Galli, J. I., Poó, F., & Urquijo, S. Mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res, 2021;295, 113567. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113567.
  • Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Duan, C., Li, C., Fan, J., . . . Huang, H. F. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020;223(2), 240.e241-240.e249. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009.
  • Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord, 2020;277, 5-13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126.
  • Saccone, G., Florio, A., Aiello, F., Venturella, R., De Angelis, M. C., Locci, M., . . . Di Spiezio Sardo, A. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020;223(2), 293-295. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003.
  • Zimerman, A. Conceptualizing prenatal attachment: Toward a multidimensional view. Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, 2003;18(2), 109.
  • Branjerdporn, G., Meredith, P., Strong, J., & Garcia, J. Associations Between Maternal-Foetal Attachment and Infant Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Matern Child Health J, 2017;21(3), 540-553. doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2138-2.
  • Trombetta, T., Giordano, M., Santoniccolo, F., Vismara, L., Della Vedova, A. M., & Rollè, L. Pre-natal Attachment and Parent-To-Infant Attachment: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol, 2021;12, 620942. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620942
  • Hart, R., & McMahon, C. Mood state and psychological adjustment to pregnancy. Archives of women’s mental health, 2006;9, 329-337. doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0141-0.
  • Hopkins, J., Miller, J. L., Butler, K., Gibson, L., Hedrick, L., & Boyle, DA. The relation between social support, anxiety and distress symptoms and maternal fetal attachment. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 2018;36(4), 381-392. doi:10.1080/02646838.2018.1466385.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Figen Türk Düdükcü 0000-0003-1767-5197

Hilal Kurt Sezer 0000-0001-8365-0655

Elifsena Canan Alp 0000-0002-1956-1014

Publication Date April 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 32 Issue: 6

Cite

Vancouver Türk Düdükcü F, Kurt Sezer H, Alp EC. COVID-19’un Gebelikte Kaygı ve Prenatal Bağlanma Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Vaka Kontrol Çalışması. JCME. 2024;32(6):475-83.
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