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Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 279 - 283, 31.08.2017
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.338310

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of upper extremity fat ratio on triathletes’ the race time. 43 volunteer athletes who participated in the 9th World University Triathlon Championship ((17 women – 26 men), age 22.30 ± 2.42 years, height 172.76 ± 16.08 cm, body weight 64.79 ± 9.93 kg)) participated in the study. Segmental analysis was performed by Tanita BC 418 Body Composition Analyzer before the race, on an empty stomach and with shorts and T-shirt. At 40 ° C air temperature, athletes firstly swam for 1.5 km, which was followed by cycling on 40 km track and finally 10 kilometers track run. SPSS 16.0 statistical software was utilized for data calculation and evaluation. According to the normality test results; Pearson correlation analysis was used to explain the relationship between the measurements and linear regression analysis was utilized to determine the effect of fat ratio on race time. This study in which the effect of upper extremity fat ratio on race time was examined, revealed that upper extremity segmental analysis has no significant effect on swimming time in triathlon (p >0.05). In addition; upper extremity fat mass has no significant effect on jogging, cycling and total race time either (p>0.05). Fat percentage is determined to have a significant relationship in positive manner with jogging (r = 0.382), cycling (r = 0.370), and total race time (r = 0.387) at p <0.05 level. Upper extremity lean mass and muscle mass are found to have a significant relationship in negative manner respectively with jogging (r = -0.475, r = -0.472), cycling (r = -0.738, r = -0.735) and total race time (r = -0.664, r = -0.661) at p <0.001 level. As a result, it was observed that the upper extremity fat mass is not associated with jogging, cycling, swimming and total race time, on the other hand upper extremity muscle and lean mass are found to be more effective on race time as compared to fat percentage. As the upper extremity, lean mass and muscle mass increases, total race time of athletes shortens and accordingly their performance are likely to be affected in a positive manner.

References

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  • Ateş B, Saygın Ö, Zorba E. Evaluation of the physical capacity and the quality of life of the housewifes. International Journal of Human Science, 2009; 6(2): 357-367.
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  • Bale P, Bradbury D, Colley E. Anthropometric and training variables related to 10km running performance. Br J Sports Med, 1986; 20: 170-173.
  • Boileau RA, Horswill CA. Body composition in sports: Measurement and applications for weight loss and gain. Exercise and sport science (Ed. W.E, Garrett, D.T., Kirkendall)’de, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 2002; 319-338.
  • Christensen CL, Ruhling RO. Physical characteristics of novice and experienced women marathon runners. Br J Sports Med, 1983; 17: 166-171.
  • Docherty D, Gaul CA. Relationship of body size physique and composition to physical performance in young boys and girls. Int J Sports Med, 1991; 12: 525-532.
  • Geladas ND, Nassis GP, Pavlicevic S. Somatic and physical traits affecting sprint swimming performance in young swimmers. Int J Sports Med, 2005; 26: 139-144.
  • Gregor RJ. Biomechanics of Cycling. In: Garrett WE, Kirkendall DT, editors. Exercise and Sport Science. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams and Williams, 2010; 515-537.
  • Gregory J, Johns DP, Walls JT. Relative vs. absolute physiological measures as predictors of mountain bike cross-country race performance. J Strength Cond Res, 2007; 21: 17-22.
  • Hagan RD, Upton SJ, Duncan JJ, Gettman LR. Marathon performance in relation to maximal aerobic power and training indices in female distance runners. Br J Sports Med, 1987; 21: 3-7.
  • Hetland ML, Haarbo J, Christiansen C. Regional body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relation to training, sex hormones, and serum lipids in male long-distance runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 1998; 8: 102-108.
  • Heyward VH, Stolarczyk LM. Applied Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics, USA, 1996.
  • Hoffman MD, Lebus DK, Ganong AC, Casazza GA, Van Loan M. Body composition of 161-km ultramarathoners. Int J Sport Med, 2010; 31: 106-109.
  • Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Sassi A, et al. Physiological correlates to off-road cycling performance. J Sports Sci, 2005; 23: 41-47.
  • Knechtle B, Duff B, Schulze I, Rosemann T, Senn O. Anthropometry and pre-race experience of finishers and nonfinishers in a multistage ultra-endurance run- Deutschlandlauf 2007. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2009; 109: 105-118.
  • Knechtle B, Duff B, Welzel U, Kohler G. Body mass and circumference of upper arm are associated with race performance in ultraendurance runners in a multistage race - the Isarrun 2006. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2009; 80: 262-268.
  • Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Andonie JL, Kohler G. Influence of anthropometry on race performance in extreme endurance triathletes: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006. Br J Sports Med, 2007; 41: 644-648.
  • Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Barandun U, Rosemann T. Anthropometric and training variables related to half-marathon running performance in recreational female runners. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2011; 39(2): 158-166.
  • Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Schulze I, Kohler G. Upper arm circumference is associated with race performance in ultra-endurance runners. Br J Sports Med, 2008; 42(4): 295-299.
  • Knechtle B, Kohler G. Running performance, not anthropometric factors, is associated with race success in aTriple Iron Triathlon. Br J Sports Med, 2009; 43: 437-441.
  • Knechtle B, Wirth A, Rüst CA, Rosemann T. The relationship between anthropometry and split performance in recreational male ironman triathletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011; 2(1): 23-30.
  • Laurenson NM, Fulcher KY, Korkia P. Physiological characteristics of elite and club level female triathletes during running. Int J Sports Med, 1993; 14: 455-459.
  • Leedy HE, Ismail AH, Kessler WV et al. Relationship between physical performance items and body composition. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1965; 36: 158-163.
  • Norton KI, Olds T, Olive S, et al. Anthropometry and sports performance. In: Norton KI, Olds T, editors. Anthropometrica. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996: 289-364.
  • Riedenau RP, Welch BE, Crips CE, et al. Relationship of body fat to motor fitness test scores. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1968; 29: 200-203.
  • Siders WA, Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW. Relationships among swimming performance, body composition and somatotype in competitive collegiate swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1993; 33: 166-171.
  • Swain DP. The influence of body mass in endurance bicycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1994; 26: 58-63.
  • Tanaka K, Matsuura Y. A multivariate analysis of the role of certain anthropometric and physiological attributes in distance running. Annals of Human Biology, 1982; 9: 2.
  • Tuuri G, Loftin M, Oescher J. Association of swim distance and age with body composition in adult female swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2002; 34: 2110-2114.
  • Zampagni ML, Casino D, Benelli P, et al. Anthropometric and strength variables to predict freestyle performance times in elite master swimmers. J Strength Cond Res, 2008; 22: 1298-1307.
Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 279 - 283, 31.08.2017
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.338310

Abstract

References

  • Arrese AL, Ostáriz ES. Skinfold thicknesses associated with distance running performance in highly trained runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006; 24(1): 69 – 76.
  • Ateş B, Saygın Ö, Zorba E. Evaluation of the physical capacity and the quality of life of the housewifes. International Journal of Human Science, 2009; 6(2): 357-367.
  • Bale P, Rowell S, Colley E. Anthropometric and training characteristics of female marathon runners as determinants of distance running performance. J Sports Sci, 1985; 3: 115-126.
  • Bale P, Bradbury D, Colley E. Anthropometric and training variables related to 10km running performance. Br J Sports Med, 1986; 20: 170-173.
  • Boileau RA, Horswill CA. Body composition in sports: Measurement and applications for weight loss and gain. Exercise and sport science (Ed. W.E, Garrett, D.T., Kirkendall)’de, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 2002; 319-338.
  • Christensen CL, Ruhling RO. Physical characteristics of novice and experienced women marathon runners. Br J Sports Med, 1983; 17: 166-171.
  • Docherty D, Gaul CA. Relationship of body size physique and composition to physical performance in young boys and girls. Int J Sports Med, 1991; 12: 525-532.
  • Geladas ND, Nassis GP, Pavlicevic S. Somatic and physical traits affecting sprint swimming performance in young swimmers. Int J Sports Med, 2005; 26: 139-144.
  • Gregor RJ. Biomechanics of Cycling. In: Garrett WE, Kirkendall DT, editors. Exercise and Sport Science. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams and Williams, 2010; 515-537.
  • Gregory J, Johns DP, Walls JT. Relative vs. absolute physiological measures as predictors of mountain bike cross-country race performance. J Strength Cond Res, 2007; 21: 17-22.
  • Hagan RD, Upton SJ, Duncan JJ, Gettman LR. Marathon performance in relation to maximal aerobic power and training indices in female distance runners. Br J Sports Med, 1987; 21: 3-7.
  • Hetland ML, Haarbo J, Christiansen C. Regional body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relation to training, sex hormones, and serum lipids in male long-distance runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 1998; 8: 102-108.
  • Heyward VH, Stolarczyk LM. Applied Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics, USA, 1996.
  • Hoffman MD, Lebus DK, Ganong AC, Casazza GA, Van Loan M. Body composition of 161-km ultramarathoners. Int J Sport Med, 2010; 31: 106-109.
  • Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Sassi A, et al. Physiological correlates to off-road cycling performance. J Sports Sci, 2005; 23: 41-47.
  • Knechtle B, Duff B, Schulze I, Rosemann T, Senn O. Anthropometry and pre-race experience of finishers and nonfinishers in a multistage ultra-endurance run- Deutschlandlauf 2007. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2009; 109: 105-118.
  • Knechtle B, Duff B, Welzel U, Kohler G. Body mass and circumference of upper arm are associated with race performance in ultraendurance runners in a multistage race - the Isarrun 2006. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2009; 80: 262-268.
  • Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Andonie JL, Kohler G. Influence of anthropometry on race performance in extreme endurance triathletes: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006. Br J Sports Med, 2007; 41: 644-648.
  • Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Barandun U, Rosemann T. Anthropometric and training variables related to half-marathon running performance in recreational female runners. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2011; 39(2): 158-166.
  • Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Schulze I, Kohler G. Upper arm circumference is associated with race performance in ultra-endurance runners. Br J Sports Med, 2008; 42(4): 295-299.
  • Knechtle B, Kohler G. Running performance, not anthropometric factors, is associated with race success in aTriple Iron Triathlon. Br J Sports Med, 2009; 43: 437-441.
  • Knechtle B, Wirth A, Rüst CA, Rosemann T. The relationship between anthropometry and split performance in recreational male ironman triathletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011; 2(1): 23-30.
  • Laurenson NM, Fulcher KY, Korkia P. Physiological characteristics of elite and club level female triathletes during running. Int J Sports Med, 1993; 14: 455-459.
  • Leedy HE, Ismail AH, Kessler WV et al. Relationship between physical performance items and body composition. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1965; 36: 158-163.
  • Norton KI, Olds T, Olive S, et al. Anthropometry and sports performance. In: Norton KI, Olds T, editors. Anthropometrica. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996: 289-364.
  • Riedenau RP, Welch BE, Crips CE, et al. Relationship of body fat to motor fitness test scores. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1968; 29: 200-203.
  • Siders WA, Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW. Relationships among swimming performance, body composition and somatotype in competitive collegiate swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1993; 33: 166-171.
  • Swain DP. The influence of body mass in endurance bicycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1994; 26: 58-63.
  • Tanaka K, Matsuura Y. A multivariate analysis of the role of certain anthropometric and physiological attributes in distance running. Annals of Human Biology, 1982; 9: 2.
  • Tuuri G, Loftin M, Oescher J. Association of swim distance and age with body composition in adult female swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2002; 34: 2110-2114.
  • Zampagni ML, Casino D, Benelli P, et al. Anthropometric and strength variables to predict freestyle performance times in elite master swimmers. J Strength Cond Res, 2008; 22: 1298-1307.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ebru Cetın

Ulviye Bılgın

Mergul Colak This is me

İmdat Yarım

Halil Taskın

Publication Date August 31, 2017
Acceptance Date August 18, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Cetın, E., Bılgın, U., Colak, M., Yarım, İ., et al. (2017). Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 19(2), 279-283. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.338310
AMA Cetın E, Bılgın U, Colak M, Yarım İ, Taskın H. Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2017;19(2):279-283. doi:10.15314/tsed.338310
Chicago Cetın, Ebru, Ulviye Bılgın, Mergul Colak, İmdat Yarım, and Halil Taskın. “Relationship Between Upper Extremity Fat Mass and Race Time in Triathlete”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 19, no. 2 (August 2017): 279-83. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.338310.
EndNote Cetın E, Bılgın U, Colak M, Yarım İ, Taskın H (August 1, 2017) Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 19 2 279–283.
IEEE E. Cetın, U. Bılgın, M. Colak, İ. Yarım, and H. Taskın, “Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 279–283, 2017, doi: 10.15314/tsed.338310.
ISNAD Cetın, Ebru et al. “Relationship Between Upper Extremity Fat Mass and Race Time in Triathlete”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 19/2 (August 2017), 279-283. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.338310.
JAMA Cetın E, Bılgın U, Colak M, Yarım İ, Taskın H. Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete. Turk J Sport Exe. 2017;19:279–283.
MLA Cetın, Ebru et al. “Relationship Between Upper Extremity Fat Mass and Race Time in Triathlete”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 19, no. 2, 2017, pp. 279-83, doi:10.15314/tsed.338310.
Vancouver Cetın E, Bılgın U, Colak M, Yarım İ, Taskın H. Relationship between upper extremity fat mass and race time in triathlete. Turk J Sport Exe. 2017;19(2):279-83.

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