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Örgütsel Çatışma ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş İlişkisi: İş Yerinde Dışlanmanın Düzenleyici Etkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 619 - 630, 27.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.939567

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, örgütsel çatışma ile çalışanların psikolojik iyi oluşu arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek ve bu süreçte işyerinde dışlanmanın düzenleyici rolünü test etmektir. Anketler, Türkiye'de kamu ve özel sektörde çalışan 811 kişiye basit tesadüfi örnekleme yoluyla dağıtılmıştır. Anketlere 425 kişi katılmıştır. 16 anket değerlendirilmemiştir çünkü katılımcılar anketleri tam doldurmamışlardır. Böylece 409 anket değerlendirilmiş ve araştırmanın amacına göre test edilmiştir. Veri analizi için IBM SPSS v26, Lisrel 10.20 programları ve Process Macro v3.3 eklentileri kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, işyerinde örgütsel çatışma ve dışlanmanın psikolojik iyi oluş üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, işyerinde dışlanmanın örgütsel çatışma ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiyi düzenlediği de kanıtlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde analiz sonuçlarını derlenmiştir ve literatürdeki diğer bulgularla karşılaştırılmıştır. Literatür taramasında, örgütsel çatışma ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide işyerinde dışlanmanın düzenleyici rolünün hiç çalışılmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, örgütsel davranışla ilgili literatürdeki önemli bir boşluğu kapatmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abaslı, K. and Özdemir, M. (2019), “Development of organizational ostracism scale: The validity and reliability study”, Trakya University Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 265-282.
  • Aiken, L. S. and West, S. G. (1991), Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions, SAGE, Newbury Park, CA.
  • Akram, M.F. and Hussain, A. (2020) “Relationship of work-family conflict with job demands, social support and psychological well-being of university female teachers in punjab”, Bulletin of Education and Research, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 45-66.
  • Aslan, Ş. (2004), “Organizational conflict in hospitals: A theory and a sample application”, Selçuk University Social Sciences Institue Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 599-617.
  • Aytaç, S. and Başol O. P. (2018), “Validity and reliability study of interpersonal conflict at work scale (ICAWS)”, Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 16 No. 32, pp. 471-484.
  • Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi, Y. (1988), “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 74-94.
  • Basso, K. H. (1972). To give up on words: Silence in Western Apache culture. P. P. Giglioli (Ed.), In Language and social context (pp. 67–86). Penguin Books, Baltimore.
  • Bernstein, M. J., Sacco, D. F., Brown, C. M., Young, S. G., and Claypool, H. M. (2010), “A preference for genuine smiles following social exclusion”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 196–199.
  • Bulut, S. and Dilmaç, B. (2018), “Predictive Relationships Between University Students' Values, Psychological Well-Being And Happiness Levels”, International Journal of Society Researches, Vol. 9 No. 16, pp. 349-374.
  • Burke, R.J. and Greenglass, E.R. (2001), “Hospital restructuring stressors, work-family concerns and psychological well-being among nursing staff”, Community, Work and Family, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 49-62.
  • Chung, Y.W. (2018), “Workplace ostracism and workplace behaviors: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress and psychological empowerment”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 304-317.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2002), Research methods in education, Routledge.
  • Cohen, P., West, S. G. and Aiken, L. S. (2014), Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Press, UK.
  • Craney, T. A. and Surles, J. G. (2002), “Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values”, Quality Engineering, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 391-403.
  • De Dreu, C.K.W., Dierendonck, D. V. and Dijkstra, M. T. M. (2004), “Conflict at work and individual well‐being”, International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 6-26.
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., S. Oishi (2009), New Measures of Well-Being. In: Diener E. (eds) Assessing Well-Being (pp. 247-266), Social Indicators Research Series, vol 39. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Eren, E. (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management Psychology, Beta Publications, İstanbul.
  • Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W. and Lian, H. (2008), “The development and validation of the workplace ostracism scale”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, pp. 1348−1366.
  • Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., and Morrison, R. (2015), “Ostracism, self-esteem, and performance: When do we selfverify and when do we self-enhance?” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, pp. 279–297.
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 39-50.
  • Foster, P. J. (2012), Leader-member exchange and the workplace bully (Doctoral dissertation), Department of Psychology, Kansas State University. Kansas.
  • Hair, J. F. (2014), Multivariate Data Analysis (7. ed., Pearson new internat. ed). Pearson, Harlow.
  • Halis, M. and Demirel, Y. (2016), “The impact of social support on organizational ostracism”, Kastamonu University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 11, pp. 318-335.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017), Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, Guilford Publications, New York, NY.
  • Henry, O. (2008), “Organisational conflict and its effects on organisational performance”, Research Journal of Business Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 16-24.
  • Hill, R.T., Morganson, V.J., Matthews, R.A. and Atkinson, T.P. (2016), “Lmx, breach perceptions, work-family conflict, and well-being: a mediational model”, The Journal Of Psychology, Vol. 150 No. 1, pp. 132-149.
  • Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-55.
  • Kırımlı, Y. (2018), “A Contemporary Approach In Organizational Conflict Resolution Techniques: Psychodrama”, Journal of Behavior at Work, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 148-161.
  • Koçel, T. (1999), Business Management, Beta Publications, İstanbul.
  • Leary, M. R. (2005), Varieties of interpersonal rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. V. Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast (pp. 35–51). Psychology Press., New York.
  • Morrison, J. (2008), “The relationship between emotional intelligence competencies and preferred conflict‐handling styles”. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol. 16 No. 8, pp. 974-983.
  • O’Driscoll, M.P., Brough, P., and Kalliath, T.J. (2004), “Work/family conflict, psychological well-being, satisfaction and social support: A longitudinal study in New Zealand. Equal Oppurtunities International, Vol. 23 No.1/2, pp. 36-56.
  • Quade, M. J., Greenbaum, R. L., and Petrenko, O. V. (2017), “I don't want to be near you, unless…”: The interactive effect of unethical behavior and performance onto relationship conflict and workplace ostracism. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 70 No. 3, pp. 675–709.
  • Rafique, H., Masood, S., and Ahmad, M. (2018), “Role of self-compassion in work-family conflict and psychological well-being among working men and women” Journal of Behavioural Sciences, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 131-145.
  • Rong, W., Zhengrong, L. and Jiang, J. (2013), “Workplace ostracism and employees in-role behaviors and extra-role behaviors: The mediating effect of belonging need”, Journal of Psychological Science, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 1176-1180.
  • Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. K. and Wissing, M. P. (2003), “Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being”, South African Journal of Psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 212–218.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989), “Happiness is everyting, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 57 No. 6, pp. 1069-1081.
  • Sims, R. R. (2002), Managing organizational behavior. Quorum Books, Westport.
  • Spector, P. E. and Jex, S.M. (1998), “Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraint scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 356-367.
  • Sur, H. (2009), “Organizational conflict management”, Available at https://www.sdplatform.com/Dergi/178/Orgutsel-catisma-yonetimi.aspx (accessed 20 January 2021).
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. and Ullman, J. B. (2019), Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson, Boston, MA.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002), Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS, Nobel Publications, Ankara.
  • Telef, B. B. (2013), “The Adaptation of Psychological Well-Being into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study”, Hacettepe University Journal of Education, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 374-384.
  • Telef, B. B., Uzman, E. and Ergün, E. (2013), “Examine the relation between psychological well-being and values in teacher candidates”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 8 No. 12, pp. 1297-1307.
  • Üngüren, E. (2008), “Organization conflict management: A research on hospitality industry”, International Social Research Journal, Vol. 1 No.5, pp. 880-909.
  • Webster, F. (2003), Information warfare in an age of globalization. D. K. Thussu and D. Freedman (Eds.), In War and the media (pp. 57-69), SAGE, London.
  • Williams, K. D. (1997), Social ostracism. R. M. Kowalski (Ed.) In Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133–170), Plenum, New York, NY.
  • Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J. R., Kraaijeveld, S., Lueckmann, J. M., and Williams, K. D. (2015), “Ostracism online: A social media ostracism paradigm”, Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 361–373.
  • Wu, L., Yim, F. H., Kwan, H. K., and Zhang, X. (2012), “Coping with workplace ostracism: The roles of ingratiation and political skill in employee psychological distress” Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 49 No. 1, pp. 178–199.
  • Yakut, S. and Yakut, İ. (2018), “Relationship between psychological well-being in teachers and exclusion fromworkplace”, Electronic Turkish Studies, Vol. 13 No. 18, pp. 1357-1376.
  • Zhang, S. and Shi, Q. (2017), “The relationship between subjective well-being and workplace ostracism: The moderating role of emotional intelligence”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 30, No. 6, 978-988.
  • Zheng, X., Yang, J., Ngo, H.Y., Liu, X.Y. and Jiao, W. (2016), “Workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes psychological capital as a moderator”, Journal of Personnel Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 143-151.
  • Zümbül, S. (2019), “Mindfulness and forgiveness as predictors of psychological well-being levels of teacher candidates”, Ege Journal of Education, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 20-36.

Organizational Conflict and Psychological Well-Being Relationship: The Moderating Effect of Workplace Ostracism

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 619 - 630, 27.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.939567

Öz

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between organizational conflict and the psychological well-being of employees and to test the moderating role of workplace ostracism in this process. We distributed the questionnaires to 811 individuals working in the public and private sectors in Turkey through simple random sampling. 425 persons participated in the questionnaires. We didn’t assess 16 questionnaires because the participants didn’t respond from start to finish. Thus, we evaluated 409 questionnaires and tested them according to the purpose of the research. We used the IBM SPSS v26, Lisrel 10.20 programs, and Process Macro v3.3 plug-ins for data analysis. According to the results of the analysis, we can see that organizational conflict and ostracism in the workplace have a negative impact on psychological well-being. We have also proven that workplace ostracism moderates the relationship between organizational conflict and psychological well-being. In the conclusion section of the study, we have compiled the results of the analysis and compared them with other findings in the literature. In the literature review, we noted that the moderating role of workplace ostracism in the relationship between organizational conflict and psychological well-being has never been studied. This study, therefore closes an important gap in the literature on organizational behavior.

Kaynakça

  • Abaslı, K. and Özdemir, M. (2019), “Development of organizational ostracism scale: The validity and reliability study”, Trakya University Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 265-282.
  • Aiken, L. S. and West, S. G. (1991), Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions, SAGE, Newbury Park, CA.
  • Akram, M.F. and Hussain, A. (2020) “Relationship of work-family conflict with job demands, social support and psychological well-being of university female teachers in punjab”, Bulletin of Education and Research, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 45-66.
  • Aslan, Ş. (2004), “Organizational conflict in hospitals: A theory and a sample application”, Selçuk University Social Sciences Institue Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 599-617.
  • Aytaç, S. and Başol O. P. (2018), “Validity and reliability study of interpersonal conflict at work scale (ICAWS)”, Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 16 No. 32, pp. 471-484.
  • Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi, Y. (1988), “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 74-94.
  • Basso, K. H. (1972). To give up on words: Silence in Western Apache culture. P. P. Giglioli (Ed.), In Language and social context (pp. 67–86). Penguin Books, Baltimore.
  • Bernstein, M. J., Sacco, D. F., Brown, C. M., Young, S. G., and Claypool, H. M. (2010), “A preference for genuine smiles following social exclusion”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 196–199.
  • Bulut, S. and Dilmaç, B. (2018), “Predictive Relationships Between University Students' Values, Psychological Well-Being And Happiness Levels”, International Journal of Society Researches, Vol. 9 No. 16, pp. 349-374.
  • Burke, R.J. and Greenglass, E.R. (2001), “Hospital restructuring stressors, work-family concerns and psychological well-being among nursing staff”, Community, Work and Family, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 49-62.
  • Chung, Y.W. (2018), “Workplace ostracism and workplace behaviors: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress and psychological empowerment”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 304-317.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2002), Research methods in education, Routledge.
  • Cohen, P., West, S. G. and Aiken, L. S. (2014), Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Press, UK.
  • Craney, T. A. and Surles, J. G. (2002), “Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values”, Quality Engineering, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 391-403.
  • De Dreu, C.K.W., Dierendonck, D. V. and Dijkstra, M. T. M. (2004), “Conflict at work and individual well‐being”, International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 6-26.
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., S. Oishi (2009), New Measures of Well-Being. In: Diener E. (eds) Assessing Well-Being (pp. 247-266), Social Indicators Research Series, vol 39. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Eren, E. (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management Psychology, Beta Publications, İstanbul.
  • Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W. and Lian, H. (2008), “The development and validation of the workplace ostracism scale”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, pp. 1348−1366.
  • Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., and Morrison, R. (2015), “Ostracism, self-esteem, and performance: When do we selfverify and when do we self-enhance?” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, pp. 279–297.
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 39-50.
  • Foster, P. J. (2012), Leader-member exchange and the workplace bully (Doctoral dissertation), Department of Psychology, Kansas State University. Kansas.
  • Hair, J. F. (2014), Multivariate Data Analysis (7. ed., Pearson new internat. ed). Pearson, Harlow.
  • Halis, M. and Demirel, Y. (2016), “The impact of social support on organizational ostracism”, Kastamonu University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 11, pp. 318-335.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017), Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, Guilford Publications, New York, NY.
  • Henry, O. (2008), “Organisational conflict and its effects on organisational performance”, Research Journal of Business Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 16-24.
  • Hill, R.T., Morganson, V.J., Matthews, R.A. and Atkinson, T.P. (2016), “Lmx, breach perceptions, work-family conflict, and well-being: a mediational model”, The Journal Of Psychology, Vol. 150 No. 1, pp. 132-149.
  • Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-55.
  • Kırımlı, Y. (2018), “A Contemporary Approach In Organizational Conflict Resolution Techniques: Psychodrama”, Journal of Behavior at Work, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 148-161.
  • Koçel, T. (1999), Business Management, Beta Publications, İstanbul.
  • Leary, M. R. (2005), Varieties of interpersonal rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. V. Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast (pp. 35–51). Psychology Press., New York.
  • Morrison, J. (2008), “The relationship between emotional intelligence competencies and preferred conflict‐handling styles”. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol. 16 No. 8, pp. 974-983.
  • O’Driscoll, M.P., Brough, P., and Kalliath, T.J. (2004), “Work/family conflict, psychological well-being, satisfaction and social support: A longitudinal study in New Zealand. Equal Oppurtunities International, Vol. 23 No.1/2, pp. 36-56.
  • Quade, M. J., Greenbaum, R. L., and Petrenko, O. V. (2017), “I don't want to be near you, unless…”: The interactive effect of unethical behavior and performance onto relationship conflict and workplace ostracism. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 70 No. 3, pp. 675–709.
  • Rafique, H., Masood, S., and Ahmad, M. (2018), “Role of self-compassion in work-family conflict and psychological well-being among working men and women” Journal of Behavioural Sciences, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 131-145.
  • Rong, W., Zhengrong, L. and Jiang, J. (2013), “Workplace ostracism and employees in-role behaviors and extra-role behaviors: The mediating effect of belonging need”, Journal of Psychological Science, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 1176-1180.
  • Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. K. and Wissing, M. P. (2003), “Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being”, South African Journal of Psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 212–218.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989), “Happiness is everyting, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 57 No. 6, pp. 1069-1081.
  • Sims, R. R. (2002), Managing organizational behavior. Quorum Books, Westport.
  • Spector, P. E. and Jex, S.M. (1998), “Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraint scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 356-367.
  • Sur, H. (2009), “Organizational conflict management”, Available at https://www.sdplatform.com/Dergi/178/Orgutsel-catisma-yonetimi.aspx (accessed 20 January 2021).
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. and Ullman, J. B. (2019), Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson, Boston, MA.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002), Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS, Nobel Publications, Ankara.
  • Telef, B. B. (2013), “The Adaptation of Psychological Well-Being into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study”, Hacettepe University Journal of Education, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 374-384.
  • Telef, B. B., Uzman, E. and Ergün, E. (2013), “Examine the relation between psychological well-being and values in teacher candidates”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 8 No. 12, pp. 1297-1307.
  • Üngüren, E. (2008), “Organization conflict management: A research on hospitality industry”, International Social Research Journal, Vol. 1 No.5, pp. 880-909.
  • Webster, F. (2003), Information warfare in an age of globalization. D. K. Thussu and D. Freedman (Eds.), In War and the media (pp. 57-69), SAGE, London.
  • Williams, K. D. (1997), Social ostracism. R. M. Kowalski (Ed.) In Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133–170), Plenum, New York, NY.
  • Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J. R., Kraaijeveld, S., Lueckmann, J. M., and Williams, K. D. (2015), “Ostracism online: A social media ostracism paradigm”, Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 361–373.
  • Wu, L., Yim, F. H., Kwan, H. K., and Zhang, X. (2012), “Coping with workplace ostracism: The roles of ingratiation and political skill in employee psychological distress” Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 49 No. 1, pp. 178–199.
  • Yakut, S. and Yakut, İ. (2018), “Relationship between psychological well-being in teachers and exclusion fromworkplace”, Electronic Turkish Studies, Vol. 13 No. 18, pp. 1357-1376.
  • Zhang, S. and Shi, Q. (2017), “The relationship between subjective well-being and workplace ostracism: The moderating role of emotional intelligence”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 30, No. 6, 978-988.
  • Zheng, X., Yang, J., Ngo, H.Y., Liu, X.Y. and Jiao, W. (2016), “Workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes psychological capital as a moderator”, Journal of Personnel Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 143-151.
  • Zümbül, S. (2019), “Mindfulness and forgiveness as predictors of psychological well-being levels of teacher candidates”, Ege Journal of Education, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 20-36.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Yazarlar

Erman Kılınç 0000-0001-7065-5916

Edip Doğan 0000-0002-9820-978X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılınç, E., & Doğan, E. (2022). Organizational Conflict and Psychological Well-Being Relationship: The Moderating Effect of Workplace Ostracism. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 619-630. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.939567