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Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 1704 - 1712, 31.10.2019

Öz

Koltko-Rivera’nın (2006) çalışmasına göre Maslow’un hayatının son dönemlerinde “kendini
aşmışlık” adı altında yeni bir ihtiyaç seviyesini dile getirmiştir. Psikolojik gelişim açısından
fenomenolojik yapıya ait Maslow’un ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisinin en üst seviyesini temsil eden “kendini
aşmışlık” düzeyi ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisinin bir parçası olup bireyin hem içsel hem de dışsal gelişim
süreçlerini gösterir. Örneğin bağımsızlık, kendini gerçekleştirme, kimlik başarısı ve etkili sosyal bağ
kurma “kendini aşmışlığın” bir ürünüdür. İlgili alanda “kendini aşmışlık” kavramını Türkçe dilinde
ifade eden bu çalışma ilk olmaktadır. Bunun yanında günümüzde yapılan çalışmalardaki etkinliği
olan kültürel ve bireyselleşme faktörlerinin kendini gerçekleştirme ve “kendini aşmışlık”
düzeylerinde farklılık gösterebileceği değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, “kendini aşmışlık”
düzeyine dair ölçek ve testlerin geliştirilmesinin faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Özellikle bireyle
doğrudan ilişkisi olan eğitim, psikolojik ve rehberlik alanların bu yeni ihtiyaç seviyesini dikkate
alarak bireylere uygulanan eğitim, psikoloji ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin güncellenmesinin daha
faydalı olacağı umulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 282-316). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Beit-hallahmi, B., & Argyle, M. (1997). The psychology of religious behaviour , belief and experience (1st ed). Canada: Routledge.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027
  • Devrani, T. K. (2010). Kişisel değerlerin kuramsal yapısı ve pazarlamadaki uygulamalar. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 5(1), 49-70.
  • Dezutter, J., Soenens, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2006). Religiosity and mental health: A further exploration of the relative importance of religious behaviors vs. religious attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), 807–818. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.014
  • Fitts, W. H. (1971). The self-concept and self-actualization (Monograph No. 3). Nashville: Nashville Mental Health Center.
  • Francis, L. J., & Hills, P. R. (2008). The development of the Meaning in Life Index (MILI) and its relationship with personality and religious behaviours and beliefs among UK undergraduate students. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670701243758
  • Frankl, V. E. (1966). Self-transcendence as a human phenomenon. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 6(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786600600201
  • French, S., & Joseph, S. (1999). Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life, and selfactualisation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 117–120. doi:10.1080/13674679908406340
  • Garcia-Romeu, A. P. (2012). Self-transcendence: Measurement and experience. Palo Alto, California.
  • Gorman, D. (2010). Maslow's hierarchy and social and emotional wellbeing. Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal, 34(1), 27-29.
  • Hanley, S. J., & Abell, S. C. (2002). Maslow and relatedness: Creating an interpersonal model of selfactualization. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(4), 37-57.
  • Ismail, N. A. H., & Tekke, M. (2015). Rediscovering Rogers’s self theory and personality. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 4(3), 28–36.
  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2013). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2
  • Janowiak, J. J., & Hackman, R. (1994). Meditation and college students’ self-actualization and rated stress. Psychological Reports, 75, 1007– 1010. doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.1007
  • Jones, A., & Crandall, R. (1986). Validation of a Short Index of Self-Actualization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(1), 63–73. doi:10.1177/0146167286121007
  • Kline, K. S., Docherty, E. M., & Farley, F. H. (1982). Transcendental meditation, self/actualization, and global personality. Journal of General Psychology, 106, 3–8. doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9710967
  • Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2006). Rediscovering the later version of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Selftranscendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. Review of General Psychology, 10(4), 302–317. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.302
  • Krems, J. A., Kenrick, D. T., & Neel, R. (2017). Individual perceptions of self-actualization: What functional motives are linked to fulfilling one’s full potential? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(9), 1337–1352. doi:0.1177/0146167217713191
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1961/1999). Are our publications and conventions suitable for the personal sciences? American Psychologist, 16, 318–319.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1969). The farther reaches of human nature. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1(1), 1–9.
  • Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
  • O’connor, D., & Yballe, L. (2007). Maslow revisited: Constructing a road map of human nature. Journal of Management Education, 31(6), 738–756. doi:10.1177/1052562907307639
  • Onat- Kocabıyık, O. (2014) Benlik ve ahlaki kimlik. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 12(27), 261-280.
  • Piedmont, R. L., Ciarrochi, J. W., Dy-Liacco, G. S., & Williams, J. E. G. (2009). The empirical and conceptual value of the spiritual transcendence and religious involvement scales for personality research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(3), 162–179. doi:10.1037/a0015883
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic moti- vation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist`s view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton- Mifflin
  • Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmermann, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S. (2012). The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1139–1171. doi:10.1037/a0028168
  • Seeman, W., Nidich, S., & Banta, T. (1972). Influence of transcendental meditation on a measure of selfactualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 184–187. doi:10.1037/h0032712
  • Shostrom, E. L. (1966). Personal Orientation Inventory: An inventory for the measurement of selfactualization. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  • Shostrom, E. L. (1974). Manual for the Personal Orientation Inventory, POI. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  • Tekke, M. & Coskun, M. (2018). Kendini tanıma, kendini gerçekleştirme, kendini aşmışlık ve potansiyelin tam kullanan kişi: Kişilerarası İletişim. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 790-797.
  • Venter, H., & Venter, E. (2010). Globalization and the psychology of the new world citizen: How the new global citizen compares to Maslow’s level of self transcendence. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(7), 29–35.
  • Wong, P. T. P. (2016).Meaning-seeking, self-transcendence, and well-being.In A. Batthyany (Ed.),Logotherapy and existential analysis: Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute(Vol. 1; pp. 311-322). Cham: Springer.
  • Yeager, D. S., Henderson, M. D., Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., D’Mello, S., Spitzer, B. J., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). Boring but important: A self-transcendent purpose for learning fosters academic selfregulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 559–580. doi:10.1037/a0037637
  • Zilka, B. (1987). The effects of hypnosis and meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 15, 21–28.

The Highest Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchical Needs: Self-actualization and Selftranscendence

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 1704 - 1712, 31.10.2019

Öz

According to the study of Koltko-Rivera (2006), Maslow, toward the end of his life, highlighted a new stage of needs in the name of self-transcendence The level of “selftranscendence” representing the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchical needs in phenomenological structure for psychological aspect, indicates both intrinsic and extrinsic developmental process of individual. For instance, independence, self-actualization, identity achievement and effective social connection are the products of “self-transcendence”. This study is the first in related field to literally express the statement of self-transcendence in Turkish language. Besides, it was evaluated the cultural and individualized factors of recent studies might present differences in the area of selfactualization and self-transcendence. Thus, it was considered to develop tests and scales related to
the level of self-transcendence. Specifically, hoping to be more beneficial to update the services
given in the field of education, psychology and counselling by considering the new needs of individual.

Kaynakça

  • Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 282-316). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Beit-hallahmi, B., & Argyle, M. (1997). The psychology of religious behaviour , belief and experience (1st ed). Canada: Routledge.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027
  • Devrani, T. K. (2010). Kişisel değerlerin kuramsal yapısı ve pazarlamadaki uygulamalar. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 5(1), 49-70.
  • Dezutter, J., Soenens, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2006). Religiosity and mental health: A further exploration of the relative importance of religious behaviors vs. religious attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), 807–818. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.014
  • Fitts, W. H. (1971). The self-concept and self-actualization (Monograph No. 3). Nashville: Nashville Mental Health Center.
  • Francis, L. J., & Hills, P. R. (2008). The development of the Meaning in Life Index (MILI) and its relationship with personality and religious behaviours and beliefs among UK undergraduate students. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670701243758
  • Frankl, V. E. (1966). Self-transcendence as a human phenomenon. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 6(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786600600201
  • French, S., & Joseph, S. (1999). Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life, and selfactualisation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 117–120. doi:10.1080/13674679908406340
  • Garcia-Romeu, A. P. (2012). Self-transcendence: Measurement and experience. Palo Alto, California.
  • Gorman, D. (2010). Maslow's hierarchy and social and emotional wellbeing. Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal, 34(1), 27-29.
  • Hanley, S. J., & Abell, S. C. (2002). Maslow and relatedness: Creating an interpersonal model of selfactualization. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(4), 37-57.
  • Ismail, N. A. H., & Tekke, M. (2015). Rediscovering Rogers’s self theory and personality. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 4(3), 28–36.
  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2013). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2
  • Janowiak, J. J., & Hackman, R. (1994). Meditation and college students’ self-actualization and rated stress. Psychological Reports, 75, 1007– 1010. doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.1007
  • Jones, A., & Crandall, R. (1986). Validation of a Short Index of Self-Actualization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(1), 63–73. doi:10.1177/0146167286121007
  • Kline, K. S., Docherty, E. M., & Farley, F. H. (1982). Transcendental meditation, self/actualization, and global personality. Journal of General Psychology, 106, 3–8. doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9710967
  • Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2006). Rediscovering the later version of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Selftranscendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. Review of General Psychology, 10(4), 302–317. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.302
  • Krems, J. A., Kenrick, D. T., & Neel, R. (2017). Individual perceptions of self-actualization: What functional motives are linked to fulfilling one’s full potential? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(9), 1337–1352. doi:0.1177/0146167217713191
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1961/1999). Are our publications and conventions suitable for the personal sciences? American Psychologist, 16, 318–319.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1969). The farther reaches of human nature. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1(1), 1–9.
  • Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
  • O’connor, D., & Yballe, L. (2007). Maslow revisited: Constructing a road map of human nature. Journal of Management Education, 31(6), 738–756. doi:10.1177/1052562907307639
  • Onat- Kocabıyık, O. (2014) Benlik ve ahlaki kimlik. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 12(27), 261-280.
  • Piedmont, R. L., Ciarrochi, J. W., Dy-Liacco, G. S., & Williams, J. E. G. (2009). The empirical and conceptual value of the spiritual transcendence and religious involvement scales for personality research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(3), 162–179. doi:10.1037/a0015883
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic moti- vation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist`s view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton- Mifflin
  • Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmermann, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S. (2012). The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1139–1171. doi:10.1037/a0028168
  • Seeman, W., Nidich, S., & Banta, T. (1972). Influence of transcendental meditation on a measure of selfactualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 184–187. doi:10.1037/h0032712
  • Shostrom, E. L. (1966). Personal Orientation Inventory: An inventory for the measurement of selfactualization. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  • Shostrom, E. L. (1974). Manual for the Personal Orientation Inventory, POI. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  • Tekke, M. & Coskun, M. (2018). Kendini tanıma, kendini gerçekleştirme, kendini aşmışlık ve potansiyelin tam kullanan kişi: Kişilerarası İletişim. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 790-797.
  • Venter, H., & Venter, E. (2010). Globalization and the psychology of the new world citizen: How the new global citizen compares to Maslow’s level of self transcendence. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(7), 29–35.
  • Wong, P. T. P. (2016).Meaning-seeking, self-transcendence, and well-being.In A. Batthyany (Ed.),Logotherapy and existential analysis: Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute(Vol. 1; pp. 311-322). Cham: Springer.
  • Yeager, D. S., Henderson, M. D., Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., D’Mello, S., Spitzer, B. J., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). Boring but important: A self-transcendent purpose for learning fosters academic selfregulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 559–580. doi:10.1037/a0037637
  • Zilka, B. (1987). The effects of hypnosis and meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 15, 21–28.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Tekke 0000-0003-0412-4353

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekke, M. (2019). Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 1704-1712.
AMA Tekke M. Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. Ekim 2019;7(4):1704-1712.
Chicago Tekke, Mustafa. “Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme Ve Kendini Aşmışlık”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7, sy. 4 (Ekim 2019): 1704-12.
EndNote Tekke M (01 Ekim 2019) Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7 4 1704–1712.
IEEE M. Tekke, “Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık”, Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı, c. 7, sy. 4, ss. 1704–1712, 2019.
ISNAD Tekke, Mustafa. “Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme Ve Kendini Aşmışlık”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7/4 (Ekim 2019), 1704-1712.
JAMA Tekke M. Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. 2019;7:1704–1712.
MLA Tekke, Mustafa. “Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme Ve Kendini Aşmışlık”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 4, 2019, ss. 1704-12.
Vancouver Tekke M. Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisinin En Son Düzeyleri: Kendini Gerçekleştirme ve Kendini Aşmışlık. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. 2019;7(4):1704-12.