Öz
Despite
its high share in the taxes collected and the superiority in foreign trade,
tobacco production has been regulated by special laws for many years due to the
increased production of tobacco to the detriment of other agricultural products
and the large number of producers. Public supervision, regulation and
surveillance are still in progress despite the major changes experienced in the
tobacco market due to the recent changes in legislation. Tobacco production
cannot be increased because of technological insufficiency and inadequate
development of research activities. As well as this, there is an increase in the
demand for imported tobacco, which is relatively cheaper than domestic tobacco
in the global competitive environment. This is what transforms Turkey's market
position into the largest tobacco importer which was a tobacco exporting
country before. The aim of this study is
to calculate Turkey's market power in the tobacco import market econometrically
by using New Industrial Organization method. Market power coefficient was found
to be 0.37 in this study in which annual data for the period 1994-2016 were used.
This result reveals that Turkey's tobacco import is not realized under perfect
competition conditions and the firms display behaviors in oligopolistic
structure.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BHUYAN, S. and LOPEZ, R.A. (1997), Oligopoly Power in The Food and Tobacco Industries, Agric &Applied Econ Association, 79(3), 1035-1043.
- BIHARI, S. and SELDON, B.J. (2006), The Effect of Goverment Advertising Policies on The Market Power of Cigarette Firms, Review of Industrial Organization, 28, 201-229.
- BIKKER, J.A. (2003), Testing for Imperfect Competition on EU Deposit and Loan Markets with Bresnahan’s Market Power Model, De Nederlandsche Bank Research Series Supervision, No. 52, February, 11 June 2017 access date: http://www.dnb.nl/en/binaries/ot052_tcm47-146062.pdf.
- BRESNAHAN, T.F. (1982), The Oligopoly Solution Concept is Identified, Economics Letters, 10: 87-92. doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(82)90121-5.
- FAO, (2017), 11 June 2017 access date, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data/TP
- IPEKYOLU KALKINMA AJANI (2013), Adiyaman Tütün Raporu, 30 November 2017 access date, http://www.ika.org.tr/upload/yayinlar/Adiyaman-Tutun-Raporu-246545.pdf.
- MILLAN, J.A. (1999), Short-Run Equilibrium and Market Power in The Spanish Food, Drink And Tobacco Industries, European Review of Agric Economics, 26(2), 229-243.
- MORE, C. and NAGY M. (2004), Competition in The Hungarian Banking Market, Working Paper, 2004/9, Magyar Nemzeti Bank, Budapest.
- PERLOFF, J.M. (1991), Econometric Analysis of Imperfect Competition and Implications for Trade Research. Paper Presented at The Workshop on Industrial Organization and International Trade. NC-194. Columbus. Ohio. USA.
- RAPER, K.C. and LOVE, H.A. (2007), Market Power In Tobacco: Measuring Multiple Markets, Agribusiness, 23(1), 35-55.
- REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT (2007), Specialized Commission Report Drink, Tobacco and Tobacco Products Industry, 25 Nov. 2017 http://www.kalkinma.gov.tr/Pages/OzelIhtisasKomisyonuRaporlari.aspx
- SHAFFER, S. (1993), A Test of Competition in Canadian Banking, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 25(1), 49-61.
- SHAFFER, S. (2001), Banking Conduct Before the European Single Banking License: A Crosscountry Comparison, North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 12: 79-104.
- SULLIVAN, D. (1985), Testing Hypothesis About Firm Behavior in The Cigarette Industry, Journal of Political Economy, 93(1-3), 589-98.
- SUMMER, D.A. (1981), Measurument of Monopoly Behavior: An Application to the Cigarette Industry, Journal of Political Economy, 89(4-6), 1010-19.
- TAPDK (2017), 15 November 2017 access date, http://www.tapdk.gov.tr/tr/piyasa-duzenlemeleri/tutun-piyasasi/yaprak-tutun-uretim-verileri.aspx
- TRADEMAP (2017), 15 November 2017 access date, http://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx ?nvpm=1|792||||2403|||4|1|1|1|2|1|2|2|1
- TURKSTAT (2017), 15 November 2017 access date, www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1572
Öz
Toplanan vergiler içindeki yüksek payına ve dış ticaretteki
üstünlüğüne rağmen tütünün diğer tarım ürünleri aleyhine artan üretimi ve sahip
olduğu büyük miktardaki üretici sayısı nedenleri ile yıllarca üretimi özel
kanunlar ile düzenlenmiştir. Son dönemlerde yapılan mevzuat değişiklikleri ile
tütün piyasasında büyük değişiklikler yaşanmış olsa da kamunun denetim,
düzenleme ve gözetimi devam etmektedir. Tütün üretimi, teknolojik yetersizlik
ve yeterince geliştirilemeyen araştırma faaliyetleri nedenleri ile üretimi artırılamamakla
birlikte Dünya rekabet ortamı içerisinde yerli tütüne göre görece daha ucuz
olan ithal tütün talebi artmaktadır. Bu durum Türkiye’yi tütün ihraç eden ülke konumundan
en büyük ithalatçı ülke konumuna taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin tütün
ithalat pazarındaki pazar gücünü Yeni Endüstriyel Organisazyon yöntemi ile
ekonometrik olarak hesaplamaktır. 1994-2016 dönemine ait yıllık verilerin
kullanıldığı bu çalışmada pazar gücü katsayısı 0,37 bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç
Türkiye tütün ithalatının tam rekabet koşullarıda gerçekleşmediğini ve
firmaların davranışlarının oligopolist bir yapı sergilediğini ifade etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BHUYAN, S. and LOPEZ, R.A. (1997), Oligopoly Power in The Food and Tobacco Industries, Agric &Applied Econ Association, 79(3), 1035-1043.
- BIHARI, S. and SELDON, B.J. (2006), The Effect of Goverment Advertising Policies on The Market Power of Cigarette Firms, Review of Industrial Organization, 28, 201-229.
- BIKKER, J.A. (2003), Testing for Imperfect Competition on EU Deposit and Loan Markets with Bresnahan’s Market Power Model, De Nederlandsche Bank Research Series Supervision, No. 52, February, 11 June 2017 access date: http://www.dnb.nl/en/binaries/ot052_tcm47-146062.pdf.
- BRESNAHAN, T.F. (1982), The Oligopoly Solution Concept is Identified, Economics Letters, 10: 87-92. doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(82)90121-5.
- FAO, (2017), 11 June 2017 access date, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data/TP
- IPEKYOLU KALKINMA AJANI (2013), Adiyaman Tütün Raporu, 30 November 2017 access date, http://www.ika.org.tr/upload/yayinlar/Adiyaman-Tutun-Raporu-246545.pdf.
- MILLAN, J.A. (1999), Short-Run Equilibrium and Market Power in The Spanish Food, Drink And Tobacco Industries, European Review of Agric Economics, 26(2), 229-243.
- MORE, C. and NAGY M. (2004), Competition in The Hungarian Banking Market, Working Paper, 2004/9, Magyar Nemzeti Bank, Budapest.
- PERLOFF, J.M. (1991), Econometric Analysis of Imperfect Competition and Implications for Trade Research. Paper Presented at The Workshop on Industrial Organization and International Trade. NC-194. Columbus. Ohio. USA.
- RAPER, K.C. and LOVE, H.A. (2007), Market Power In Tobacco: Measuring Multiple Markets, Agribusiness, 23(1), 35-55.
- REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT (2007), Specialized Commission Report Drink, Tobacco and Tobacco Products Industry, 25 Nov. 2017 http://www.kalkinma.gov.tr/Pages/OzelIhtisasKomisyonuRaporlari.aspx
- SHAFFER, S. (1993), A Test of Competition in Canadian Banking, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 25(1), 49-61.
- SHAFFER, S. (2001), Banking Conduct Before the European Single Banking License: A Crosscountry Comparison, North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 12: 79-104.
- SULLIVAN, D. (1985), Testing Hypothesis About Firm Behavior in The Cigarette Industry, Journal of Political Economy, 93(1-3), 589-98.
- SUMMER, D.A. (1981), Measurument of Monopoly Behavior: An Application to the Cigarette Industry, Journal of Political Economy, 89(4-6), 1010-19.
- TAPDK (2017), 15 November 2017 access date, http://www.tapdk.gov.tr/tr/piyasa-duzenlemeleri/tutun-piyasasi/yaprak-tutun-uretim-verileri.aspx
- TRADEMAP (2017), 15 November 2017 access date, http://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx ?nvpm=1|792||||2403|||4|1|1|1|2|1|2|2|1
- TURKSTAT (2017), 15 November 2017 access date, www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1572
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | İşletme |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Mart 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2 |
