Derleme
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Dijital Çağda Vücut İmgesi: Zayıflık Özentisi, Spor Özentisi ve İlgili Bozukluklar

Yıl 2024, , 97 - 107, 03.07.2024

Metin Çınaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.59372/turajas.1441987

Öz

Bu derleme, Thinspiration (Zayıflık özentisi), Fitspiration (Spor özentisi), Beden Algı Bozukluğu (BAD), Kas Disomorfisi (KD) ve Görünüm ve Performansı Artırıcı İlaçlar (GPAİ) gibi konuları, toplumsal ve zihinsel sağlık üzerindeki etkileriyle ele almaktadır. Thinspiration ve Fitspiration, dijital kültürün ürünü olarak, gerçek dışı güzellik ve spor standartları teşvik ederek psikolojik sıkıntılara neden olmaktadır. BAD ve KD, kişilerin zihinsel refahını derinden etkileyen zihinsel sağlık sorunlarıdır. GPAİ kullanımı ise sağlık ve etik sorunlar yaratmaktadır. Bu derleme, söz konusu olguların psikolojik ve sosyokültürel yönlerini, medya ve sağlık endüstrisinin rollerini ve etik meselelerini incelemekte; tartışmalar, eleştiriler ve müdahale yöntemlerini sunmaktadır. Toplumsal değişiklik gerekliliğine vurgu yaparak, daha sağlıklı vücut imajı algıları ve uygulamalarını teşvik etmek için eğitim ve politika gelişimine dikkat çekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zayıflık Özentisi Spor Özentisi Beden Algı Bozukluğu Kas Dismorfisi

Kaynakça

  • Aboody, D., Siev, J., & Doron, G. (2020). Building resilience to body image triggers using brief cognitive training on a mobile application: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 134, 103723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103723
  • Alberga, A. S., Wıthnell, S. J., & Von Ranson, K. M. (2018). Fitspiration and thinspiration: a comparison across three social networking sites. Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol 6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0227-x
  • Anderson, L. (2016). Harmful inspiration: The consequences of viewing thinspiration and fitspiration images. https://doi.org/10.58809/SOUC9363
  • Augusta Quist Møller, S., L Shapiro, S., & Sami, S. (2019). Health benefits of (mindful) self-compassion meditation and the potential complementarity to mindfulness-based interventions: A review of randomized-controlled trials. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 4(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.1901002
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  • Blashill, A. J., Grunewald, W., Fang, A., Davidson, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2020). Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder. PloS one, 15(8), e0237651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237651
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  • Boepple, L., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(1), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22403
  • Bozsık, F., Whısenhunt, B. L., Hudson, D. L., Bennett, B., & Lundgren, J. D. (2018). Thin is in? Think again: The rising importance of muscularity in the thin ideal female body. Sex Roles, 79, 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0886-0
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Body Image in The Digital Era: Thinspiration, Fitspiration, And Related Disorders

Yıl 2024, , 97 - 107, 03.07.2024

Metin Çınaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.59372/turajas.1441987

Öz

This review explores the interconnected issues of Thinspiration, Fitspiration, Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), Muscle Dysmorphia (MD), and Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs), highlighting their impact on society and mental health. Thinspiration and Fitspiration, products of digital culture, promote unrealistic beauty and fitness standards, leading to psychological distress. BDD and MD involve an obsessive focus on perceived physical flaws, deeply affecting mental well-being. APED use, a response to societal body image pressures, raises health and ethical concerns. The review analyzes the psychological and sociocultural factors driving these phenomena, the role of media and the health and fitness industry in reinforcing or challenging these norms, and discusses the ethical aspects of health and fitness marketing. Controversies, criticisms, and intervention strategies are presented, advocating for a more inclusive approach to body image. The review calls for societal change, emphasizing education, policy development, and strategies for healthier body image perceptions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Thinspiration Fitspiration Body Dysmorphic Disorder Muscle Dysmorphia

Kaynakça

  • Aboody, D., Siev, J., & Doron, G. (2020). Building resilience to body image triggers using brief cognitive training on a mobile application: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 134, 103723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103723
  • Alberga, A. S., Wıthnell, S. J., & Von Ranson, K. M. (2018). Fitspiration and thinspiration: a comparison across three social networking sites. Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol 6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0227-x
  • Anderson, L. (2016). Harmful inspiration: The consequences of viewing thinspiration and fitspiration images. https://doi.org/10.58809/SOUC9363
  • Augusta Quist Møller, S., L Shapiro, S., & Sami, S. (2019). Health benefits of (mindful) self-compassion meditation and the potential complementarity to mindfulness-based interventions: A review of randomized-controlled trials. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 4(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.1901002
  • Bızjak, D. E. (2015). Fit Is The New Thin: Fitspiration and Body Satisfaction in College Age Women (Doctoral Dissertation), California State University, Sacramento.
  • Blashill, A. J., Grunewald, W., Fang, A., Davidson, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2020). Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder. PloS one, 15(8), e0237651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237651
  • Blomeley, D., Phillipou, A., & Castle, D. J. (2018). Sizing it up: a systematic review of the nosology of muscle dysmorphia. Clinical Research in Psychology, 1(1), 1-10.
  • Boepple, L., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(1), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22403
  • Bozsık, F., Whısenhunt, B. L., Hudson, D. L., Bennett, B., & Lundgren, J. D. (2018). Thin is in? Think again: The rising importance of muscularity in the thin ideal female body. Sex Roles, 79, 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0886-0
  • Bucko, A. G. (2017). Associations Amongst Physical Activity, Substance Use and Fitness Industry Trends. Arizona State University.
  • Burgard, D. (2009). What is “Health at Every Size”?. In The Fat Studies Reader (pp. 41-53). New York: New York University Press.https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814777435.001.0001
  • Carvalho, A. (2023). The ideal of the perfect body. The body in the mind: exercise addiction, body image and the use of enhancement drugs (p. 77-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Frew, M., & McGillivray, D. (2005). Health clubs and body politics: Aesthetics and the quest for physical capital. Leisure studies, 24(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000300432
  • Ganson, K. T., Pang, N., Testa, A., Jackson, D. B., & Nagata, J. M. (2023). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology: Findings from a Sample of Canadian Adolescents and Young Adults. Clinical Social Work Journal, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-023-00908-9
  • Gawash, A., Zıa, H., Al-Shehab, U., & Lo, D. F. (2023). Association of Body Dysmorphic–Induced Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use With Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, Vol: 25(5), 49582. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.23r03532
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  • Grıffıths, S., Castle, D., Cunnıngham, M., Murray, S. B., Bastıan, B., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). How Does Exposure To Thinspiration And Fitspiration Relate To Symptom Severity Among Individuals With Eating Disorders? Evaluation Of A Proposed Model. Body Image, Vol: 27, 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.10.002
  • Griffiths, S., & Stefanovski, A. (2019). Thinspiration And Fitspiration In Everyday Life: An Experience Sampling Study. Body Image, Vol: 30, 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.07.002
  • Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review. International Journal of eating disorders, 31(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10005
  • Hadley, S. J., Greenberg, J., & Hollander, E. (2002). Diagnosis And Treatment Of Body Dysmorphic Disorder In Adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, Vol: 4(2), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-002-0043-4
  • Hakim, R. F., Alrahmani, D. A., Ahmed, D. M., Alharthi, N. A., Fida, A. R., & Al-Raddadi, R. M. (2021). Association of body dysmorphic disorder with anxiety, depression, and stress among university students. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 16(5), 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.05.008
  • Hartmann, A. S., Steenbergen, F., Vocks, S., Büsch, D., & Waldorf, M. (2018). How Healthy Is A Desire To Be Fit And Strong? Drives For Thinness, Leanness, And Muscularity In Women In Weight Training. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, Vol: 12(4), 544-561. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0022
  • Harvey, O. (2020). Male anabolic androgenic steroid-users: a mixed-methods study. The voice of the AAS-user (Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University).
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  • Hıldebrandt, T., Laı, J. K., Langenbucher, J. W., Schneıder, M., Yehuda, R., & Pfaff, D. W. (2011). The Diagnostic Dilemma Of Pathological Appearance And Performance Enhancing Drug Use. Drug And Alcohol Dependence, Vol: 114(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.018
  • Hildebrandt, T., & Alfano, L. (2012). Drug use, appearance-and performance-enhancing. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance, 392-98.
  • Hildebrandt, T., Alfano, L., & Langenbucher, J. W. (2010). Body image disturbance in 1000 male appearance and performance enhancing drug users. Journal of psychiatric research, 44(13), 841-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.001
  • Hogue, J., Mınıster, C., Sampson, L., Campbell, G., & Mılls, J. (2023). Young Women’s Dialectical Responses To Fitspiration And Thinspiration: A Qualitative Study. Eating Behaviors, 50, 101758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101758
  • Hrabosky, J. I., Cash, T. F., Veale, D., Neziroglu, F., Soll, E. A., Garner, D. M., ... & Phillips, K. A. (2009). Multidimensional body image comparisons among patients with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and clinical controls: a multisite study. Body image, 6(3), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.001
  • Hung, M. (2022). A content analysis on fitspiration and thinspiration posts on TikTok. Cornell Undergraduate Research Journal, 1(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.37513/curj.v1i1.662
  • Jerónımo, F., & Carraça, E. V. (2022). Effects Of Fitspiration Content On Body Image: A Systematic Review. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia And Obesity, Vol: 27(8), 3017-3035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.07.002
  • Kelly, M. M., Brault, M. E., & Dıdıe, E. R. (2017). Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder: Advances in research and clinical practice (p. 139-154). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Khemlani-Patel, S., & Neziroglu, F. (2022). Body dysmorphic disorder. Hogrefe Publishing GmbH.
  • Krebs, G., Rautio, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Hartmann, A. S., Jassi, A., Martin, A., ... & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2024). Practitioner Review: Assessment and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder in young people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13984
  • Krug, I., Selvaraja, P., Fuller-Tyszkıewıcz, M., Hughes, E. K., Slater, A., Grıffıths, S., ... & Blake, K. (2020). The Effects of Fitspiration Images on Body Attributes, Mood And Eating Behaviors: An Experimental Ecological Momentary Assessment Study in Females. Body Image, Vol: 35, 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.011
  • Marques, L., Weingarden, H. M., LeBlanc, N. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2011). Treatment utilization and barriers to treatment engagement among people with body dysmorphic symptoms. Journal of psychosomatic research, 70(3), 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.10.002
  • McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. (2001). Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and strategies to both. Adolescence, 36(142).
  • Monks, H., Costello, L., Dare, J., & Reid Boyd, E. (2021). “We’re continually comparing ourselves to something”: Navigating body image, media, and social media ideals at the nexus of appearance, health, and wellness. Sex Roles, 84(3), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01162-w
  • Murashka, V., Lıu, J., & Peng, Y. (2021). Fitspiration on Instagram: Identifying Topic Clusters in User Comments to Posts with Objectification Features. Health Communication, Vol: 36(12), 1537-1548. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1773702
  • Murray, S. B., Nagata, J. M., Griffiths, S., Calzo, J. P., Brown, T. A., Mitchison, D., ... & Mond, J. M. (2017). The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis. Clinical psychology review, 57, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.001
  • Nagata, J. M., Mcguıre, F. H., Lavender, J. M., Brown, T. A., Murray, S. B., Compte, E. J., ... & Lunn, M. R. (2022). Appearance And Performance-Enhancing Drugs And Supplements (APEDS): Lifetime Use And Associations With Eating Disorder And Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms Among Cisgender Sexual Minority People. Eating Behaviors, Vol: 44, 101595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101595
  • Narrow, W. E., First, M. B., Sirovatka, P. J., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.). (2008). Age and gender considerations in psychiatric diagnosis: A research agenda for DSM-V.
  • O’Brien, K. (2015). The cultivation of eating disorders through Instagram.
  • Outar, L. (2022). Body Image Beliefs: The Examination of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Assessment of Irrational and Rational Beliefs in Body Image (Doctoral dissertation, Staffordshire University).
  • Pasko, K., & Arigo, D. (2021). The roles of social comparison orientation and regulatory focus in college students’ responses to fitspiration posts on social media: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Mental Health, 8(9), e26204. https://doi.org/10.2196/26204
  • Phillips, K. A. (2004). Body dysmorphic disorder: recognizing and treating imagined ugliness. World Psychiatry, 3(1), 12.
  • Phillips, K. A., Kim, J. M., & Hudson, J. I. (1995). Body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: Obsessions or delusions?. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(2), 317-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30057-1
  • Prnjak, K., Pemberton, S., Helms, E., & Phıllıps, J. G. (2020). Reactions To Ideal Body Shapes. The Journal of General Psychology, Vol: 147(4), 361-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2019.1676190
  • Quesnel, D. A., Cook, B., Murray, K., & Zamudıo, J. (2018). Inspiration Or Thinspiration: The Association Among Problematic Internet Use, Exercise Dependence, And Eating Disorder Risk. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Vol: 16, 1113-1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9834-z
  • Raggatt, M., Wrıght, C. J., Carrotte, E., Jenkınson, R., Mulgrew, K., Prıchard, I., & Lım, M. S. (2018). “I Aspire To Look and Feel Healthy Like The Posts Convey”: Engagement with Fitness Inspiration on Social Media And Perceptions of Its Influence on Health And Wellbeing. BMC Public Health, Vol: 18, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5930-7
  • Ramsey, K. (2021). Hot or Not? The Effects of Fitspiration Images on Body Dysmorphic Concerns.
  • Scarth, M., Westlye, L. T., Havnes, I. A., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2023). Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis among male weightlifters. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 342. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04781-1
  • Schreıber, K., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2015). The truth about exercise addiction: Understanding the dark side of thinspiration. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Segar, M. L., Eccles, J. S., & Richardson, C. R. (2011). Rebranding exercise: closing the gap between values and behavior. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 8, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-94
  • Segura-García, C., Ammendolia, A., Procopio, L., Papaianni, M. C., Sinopoli, F., Bianco, C., ... & Capranica, L. (2010). Body uneasiness, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia in individuals who overexercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(11), 3098-3104. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d0a575
  • Sımpson, C. C., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2017). Skinny Is Not Enough: A Content Analysis Of Fitspiration On Pinterest. Health Communication, Vol: 32(5), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1140273
  • Sreshta, N., Pope, H. G., Hudson, J. I., & Kanayama, G. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia (pp. 81-107). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Steeves, M. (2010). Are we all ugly ducklings when we look in the mirror?: misunderstandings and new interpretations: a discursive analysis of the idealized body within pro-anorexia websites (Doctoral dissertation, University of Saskatchewan).
  • Strong, C. J. (2021). Body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: An investigation of shared etiology and a proposed transdiagnostic treatment model (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
  • Strübel, J., Leger, R., & Guan, X. (2022). Appearance and performance enhancing drug usage and body image across three age cohorts of fitness enthusiast men. Journal of Men’s Health, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jomh1802051
  • Sun, M. D., & Rieder, E. A. (2022). Psychosocial issues and body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetics: Review and debate. Clinics in Dermatology, 40(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.08.008
  • Talbot, C. V., Gavin, J., Van Steen, T., & Morey, Y. (2017). A content analysis of thinspiration, fitspiration, and bonespiration imagery on social media. Journal of eating disorders, 5, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-017-0170-2
  • Thompson, J. K., & Heinberg, L. J. (1999). The media’s influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders: We’ve reviled them, now can we rehabilitate them?. Journal of social issues, 55(2), 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00119
  • Tıggemann, M., Churches, O., Mıtchell, L., & Brown, Z. (2018). Tweeting Weight Loss: A Comparison Of# Thinspiration And# Fitspiration Communities On Twitter. Body Image, Vol: 25, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.03.002
  • Trenton, A. J., & Currıer, G. W. (2005). Behavioural Manifestations Of Anabolic Steroid Use. CNS Drugs, Vol: 19, 571-595. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519070-00002
  • van Amsterdam, J., Opperhuizen, A., & Hartgens, F. (2010). Adverse health effects of anabolic–androgenic steroids. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57(1), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.02.001
  • Walker, D. C., Anderson, D. A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2009). Body checking behaviors in men. Body image, 6(3), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.001
  • Webb, J. B., Thomas, E. V., Rogers, C. B., Clark, V. N., Hartsell, E. N., & Putz, D. Y. (2019). Fitspo at Every Size? A comparative content analysis of# curvyfit versus# curvyyoga Instagram images. Fat Studies, 8(2), 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2019.1548860
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer), Bilişsel ve Hesaplamalı Psikoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Metin Çınaroğlu 0000-0001-6342-3949

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Çınaroğlu, M. (2024). Body Image in The Digital Era: Thinspiration, Fitspiration, And Related Disorders. Turkish Research Journal of Academic Social Science, 7(1), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.59372/turajas.1441987

ISSN: 2667-4491

20120

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20119

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